Table 1 List of reported putative legume biomarkers of intake
From: Biomarkers of legume intake in human intervention and observational studies: a systematic review
Dietary factor | Subject | Study design | Number of subjects | Analytical method | Sample type | Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soy beans/tofu | Human (M/F) | Cross-sectional study | 98 | GC-MS | Urine (24Â h) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA | [41] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Cross-sectional study | 102 | HPLC | Urine (24Â h) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Glycitein | [44] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Cross-sectional study | 60 | HPLC | Urine | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Glycitein | [39] |
Soy-based foods | Human (M/F) | Cross-sectional study | 147 | HPLC | Urine (spot) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Glycitein Equol | [38] |
Soy protein | Human (M/F) | Cross-sectional study | 100 | HPLC-MS | Urine (overnight) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [40] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Cross sectional study | 27/451 | GC-MS | Urine (24Â h, overnight) | Genistein Daidzein | [43] |
Soy milk | Human (F) | Observational study | 159 | MS | Urine (24Â h) | Equol | [87] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Cross section | 363 | GC-MS | Urine (2 Overnight, 48Â h apart) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol | [42] |
Soy-based foods | Human (M/F) | Cross-sectional study | 77 | LC-MS | Plasma (fasting) | Genistein Daidzein | [46] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Cross-sectional study | 80 | Flouroimmuno assay | Plasma | Genistein Daidzein | [45] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Cross-sectional study | 1823 | LC-coularray, LC-MS | Serum (non-fasting) | Genistein Daidzein | [49] |
Soy-based foods and supplements | Human (F) | Cross-sectional study | 96 | LC-MS | Plasma (fasting) | Genistein Daidzein | [47] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Case Control Study | 97 (Cases) 97 (Control) | Isotope Dilution Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry | Plasma (randomly timed) | Genistein Daidzein Equol Dihydrogenistein Dihydrodaidzein | [48] |
Soy bean products | Human (M) | Intervention study | 17 | GC-MS | Urine (24Â h) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol Enterodiol Enterolactone Matairesinol | [56] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Intervention study | 18 | HPLC-MS | Urine | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Glycitein Equol | [90] |
Soymilk powder | Human (F) | Acute study | 12 | HPLC | Urine (0–24 h after intake) | Genistein Daidzein | [19] |
Soy bean powder (Kinako) | Human (M) | Acute study | 7 | GC-MS | Urine (0–24 h) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol | [89] |
Soy nuts | Human (F) | Acute study | 10 | GC-MS | Urine (0–12 h for 5 days) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [68] |
Soymilk-based beverages | Human (M/F) | Acute study | 12 | LC-MS | Urine (0–48 h) | Genistein Daidzein Glycitein | [59] |
Soy isoflavones | Human (F) | Intervention study (30Â days) Intervention study (60Â days) | 27 12 | ELISA | Urine (24Â h) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [71] |
Soy capsules (Phytosoya) | Human (M) | Acute study | 12 | ELISA | Urine (0-24Â h) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [78] |
Soy-based foods | Human (M/F) | Intervention study | 20 | GC-MS | Urine (24Â h) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol Enterodiol Enterolactone | [52] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Intervention study | 43 | LC-MS | Urine (overnight) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [81] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Intervention study | 350 | LC-MS | Urine (overnight, spot) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol Glycitein Dihydrogenistein Dihydrodaidzein | [58] |
Soy flour | Human (M/F) | Acute study | 12 | GC-MS | Urine (0–24 h on 0 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol Glycitein Dihydrodaidzein Enterolactone | [50] |
Soy protein beverage | Human (M/F) | Acute study | 60 | GC-MS | Urine (0–24 h on 4 days) | Equol Daidzen Genistein O-DMA | [80] |
Soy milk, Miso soup | Human (F) | Intervention study | 21 | LC-MS | Urine (overnight, spot) for 6Â days | Daidzein Genistein Equol | [61] |
Soy milk | Human (F) | Acute study | 6 | GC-FID | Urine (1–4 days, 16–18 days, and 30–32 days) | Daidzein Genistein Equol | [79] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Intervention study | 350 | LC-MS | Urine (overnight, spot) | Equol Daidzein | [84] |
Soy-based diet | Human (F) | Intervention study | 256 | HPLC; LC-MS/MS | Urine (overnight) | Total isoflavone excretion | [73] |
Commercial soy preparation | Human (M) | Intervention study | 7 | GC-MS | Urine (0–24 h) | Daidzein Daidzein glucoside Dihydrodaidzein O-DMA Equol | [63] |
Soy flour-based meal | Human (M) | Acute study | 6 | HPLC | Plasma (0–35 h after intake) | Genistein Daidzein | [67] |
Soy extract capsule/Soy beverage | Human (F) | Acute study | 12 | HPLC | Plasma (0–32 h after intake) | Genistein Daidzein | [69] |
Soymilk powder | Human (F) | Acute study | 12 | HPLC | Plasma (0–24 h after intake) | Genistein Daidzein | [19] |
Soy protein powder | Human (M) | Intervention study | 20 | GC-MS | Plasma | Genistein Daidzein | [54] |
Soy bean powder (Kinako) | Human (M) | Acute study | 7 | GC-MS | Plasma (0–72 h after intake) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol | [89] |
Soy nuts | Human (F) | Acute study | 10 | HPLC-MS GC-MS | Serum (0–48 h) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [68] |
Soymilk-based beverages | Human (M/F) | Acute study | 12 | LC-MS | Serum (0–24 h) | Genistein Daidzein Glycitein | [59] |
Soy isoflavones | Human (F) | Intervention study Intervention study | 27 12 | ELISA | Plasma (fasting) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [71] |
Soy capsules (Phytosoya) | Human (M) | Acute study | 12 | ELISA | Plasma (0–48 h) | Genistein Daidzein Equol | [78] |
Soy-based foods and supplements | Human (F) | Cross-sectional study | 96 | LC-MS | Plasma (fasting) | Genistein Daidzein | [47] |
Soy bean extracts | Human (M/F) Human (M) | Acute study Intervention study | 16 8 | HPLC HPLC | Plasma (0-24Â h after intake) Plasma (non-fasting) | Genistein Daidzein | [62] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Intervention study | 350 | LC-MS | Plasma (baseline, every 6Â months for 2.5Â years) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol Glycitein Dihydrogenistein Dihydrodaidzein | [58] |
Soy-based foods | Human (F) | Intervention study | 350 | LC-MS | Plasma (baseline, every 6Â months for 2.5Â years) | Equol Daidzein | [84] |
Commercial Soy isoflavone supplements | Human (F) | Acute study | 19 | GC-MS | Plasma (0–48 h) | Genistein Daidzein Genistin Daidzin | [64] |
Commercial soy preparation | Human (M) | Intervention study | 7 | GC-MS | Plasma (0–48 h) | Daidzein Daidzein glucoside Dihydrodaidzein O-DMA Equol | [63] |
Soy bean powder (Kinako) | Human (M) | Acute study | 7 | GC-MS | Feces (24-72Â h) | Genistein Daidzein O-DMA Equol | [89] |
Dry beans | Human (M/F) | Observational study | 106 | LC-MS; GC-MS | Serum (fasting) | Pipecolic acid S-Methyl cysteine N-Acetylornithine Trigonelline Indole propionate | [94] |
Dry beans | Human (M) Mouse (M) | Intervention study Intervention study | 46 12 | LC-MS; GC-MS LC-MS; GC-MS | Serum (fasting) Serum | Pipecolic acid S-Methyl cysteine N-Acetylornithine Trigonelline Indole propionate Pipecolic acid S-Methyl cysteine N-Acetylornithine | [94] |
Beans | Human (M/F) | Acute study | 7 | HPLC | Urine (0–24 h after intake) | Kaempferol | [95] |
Green peas | Human (M/F) | Intervention study | 9 | NMR | Urine (0–3 days) | Trigonelline | [98] |
Pulses | Human (M/F) | Observational study | 50 | NMR | Spot urine | Dimethylamine Glutamine 3-Methylhistidine | [97] |