Dietary factor | Study design | Number of subjects | Analytical method | Sample type | Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grapes and raisins | ||||||
  Red grapes (50–200 g) | Single-dose study, short-term controlled study (4 days), crossover design | 6 (3 F, 3 M) | NMR | Urine (0–24 h after intake) | • Tartaric acid | [66] |
19 (9 F, 10 M) | NMR | Urine (fasting & 24–h urine) | ||||
  Grape juice (200–1200 mL) | Single dose study | 1 M | LC-MS | Urine (0–4 h after intake) | • Resveratrol | [107] |
  Grape juice (12–18 oz) | Intervention study | 2 M | NMR | Urine (overnight) | • Tartaric acid | [96] |
  Grape juice (28 mL) | Intervention study | 23 (not specified) | LC-MS | Urine (overnight) | • Tartaric acid | [97] |
  Red grape juice (1 L) | Single-dose study, crossover design | 11 M | GC-MS | Plasma (0–24 h after intake) Urine (0–24 h after intake) | • cis-Resveratrol • trans-Resveratrol | [121] |
  Red grape juice (Concord) (350 mL) | Single-dose study | 12 (7 F, 5 M) | GC-MS | Urine (0–24 h after intake) | • Tartaric acid | [158] |
  Grape pomace beverage (500 mL) | Crossover, placebo-controlled | 12 (6 F, 6 M) | LC-MS | Urine | • cis-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, • cis-Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate, • cis-Resveratrol-4′′-O-glucuronide, • cis-Resveratrol- 4-O-sulfate • trans-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, • trans-Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate, • trans-Resveratrol-4′′-O-glucuronide, • trans-Resveratrol-4-O-sulfate • Dihydroresveratrol-3-O-sulfate, • Dihydroresveratrol-4-O-sulfate, • Dihydroresveratrol-sulfoglucuronide | [150] |
  Grape skin extract beverage (187 mL) | Single dose & long-term study (2 weeks), crossover, placebo-controlled | 26 (13 F, 13 M) | UPLC MS/MS | Urine: 0–4 h after intake (acute study) and 24-h urine (long-term study) | • trans-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, • trans-Resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide, • trans-Resveratrol-3′-O-sulfate, • trans-Resveratrol-4′-O-sulfate, • trans-Resveratrol-3,4′-O-disulfate • cis-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, • cis-Resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide, • cis-Resveratrol-3′-O-sulfate, • cis-Resveratrol-4′-O-sulfate • Resveratrol sulfoglucuronide • trans and cis-piceid • Piceid glucuronide, • Piceid sulfate • Dihydroresveratrol-3-O-sulfate, • Dihydroresveratrol-4-O-sulfate, • Dihydroresveratrol-sulfoglucuronide | [143] |
  Grape extract tablets (15 tablets with 400 mL of water) | Single-dose study, parallel design | 3 M | LC–ESI-MS/MS | Plasma (0–48 h after intake) Urine (0–48 h after intake) | • trans-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide (u, p), • trans-Resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide (u, p), • trans-Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (u), • trans-Resveratrol-4′-O-sulfate (u) • cis-Resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide (u, p), • cis-Resveratrol-4′-O-glucuronide (u, p) , • cis-Resveratrol-3-O-sulfate (u), • cis-Resveratrol-4′-O-sulfate (u) • trans- and cis-piceid (u) • piceid-glucuronide (u, p), • piceid sulfate (u) • Dihydroresveratrol-glucuronide (u, p), • Dihydroresveratrol-sulfate (u) | [142] |
  Resveratrol (250 mg), grape seed extract (900 mg) vs grape juice (20 oz) | Pharmacokinetic challenge, 10 days with repeated doses | 7 M, 5 F | LC-MSMS | Blood: 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 2.5 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h | • Resveratrol | [117] |
Blueberry | ||||||
  Bluberry extract 25 g, single-dose kinetic study | Single-dose study | 10 | LC-ESI-MS- Orbitrap Untargeted study | Serum: 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min Urine: 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min | • Delphinidin hexoside (u)* • Cyanidin hexoside (u)* | [2] |
  300 g of blanched vs unblanched blueberries | Randomized crossover design | 10 M | HPLC-UV | Blood plasma: 0 h, 1 h. 2 h, 24 h | • Malvidin-3-glucoside (p) • Cyanidin-3-glucoside (p) • Phenyl-γ-valerolactone metabolite | [37] |
  Blueberry 250 mL juice | Single-dose kinetic study | 17 (13 F, 4 M) | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Urine: 0 h, every void during 24 h | • Cyanidin metabolites (including glucuronide and methyl glucuronide) • Pelargonidin metabolites • Delphinidin (including glucuronide and methyl glucuronide) • Malvidin (including glucuronide and methyl glucuronide) • Peonidine (including glucuronide and methyl glucuronide) • Petunidin (including glucuronide and methyl glucuronide) | [81] |
  250 mL of blueberry juice per day, for 28 days (216 mg (448 μmol) cyn 3-glucoside) | Randomized one-arm study | 17 (13 F, 4 M) | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Urine 24 h: days 0, 7th, 14th, 28th, and 36th | • Cyanidin glucuronide • Delphinidin glucuronide • Malvidin arabinose • Malvidin glucuronide • Malvidin glycoside • Malvidin methyl glucuronide • Pelargonidin glucuronide • Pelargonidin methyl glucuronide • Pelargonidin methyl glycoside • Peonidin glucuronide • Peonidin glycoside • Peonidin methyl glucuronide • Petunidin • Petunidin glucuronide • Petunidin methyl glucuronide | [83] |
  Blueberry powder in combination with placebo oil and fish oil. Powder dose corresponded to 25g fresh fruit | Randomized, double blind, parallel groups, placebo-controlled trial | 76 | HPLC-MS | Urine, morning samples, after overnight fasting, day 0, day 12th | • Total antocyanins including glucuronide conjugates | [106] |
  blueberry 100g (containing 1.2 g antocyanins) | Single-blind crossover with control meal | 5 (not specified) | HPLC-UV | Blood serum: 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h | • Cyanidin-3-glycosides • Delphinidin-3-glycosides • Malvidin-3-glycosides • Petunidin-3-glycosides | [103] |
  300 mL blueberry extract | Single-dose crossover | 5 M | HPLC-UV | Urine: 0 h, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, 240 min, 300 min | • Cyanidin-3-glycosides • Delphinidin-3-glycosides • Malvidin-3-glycosides • Petunidin-3-glycosides | [105] |
  10 g bilberry extract | Single dose | 10 F | HPLC-MS/MS | Urine: 0–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–8 h, Blood: 0–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–8 h, 8–24 h Ileostomy fluid: 0–1 h, 1–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–6 h, 6–8 h | • Malvidin glucuronide • Peonidin glucuronide | [112] |
  189g frozen blueberry blended with 315ml water | Parallel randomized study | 5 F | HPLC-DAD | Blood plasma 10 min, 20 min, 30min, 45 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 24 h postprandial Urine: 0 h, 0–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–6 h, 6–8 h, 8–12 h, 12–24 h | • Cyanidin-3-glycosides • Cyanidin-3-glucoside monoglucuronide • Delphinidin-3-glycosides • Malvidin-3-glycosides • Petunidin-3-glycosides | [178] |
  25 g freeze dried wild blueberry powder | Single blind, randomized, two-arm crossover-controlled study | 6 M, 6 F | UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS2; UHPLC-QQQ-MS2 | Blood: 0.25 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 24 h fasting | • Malvidin-3-(6′′-acetyl-glucoside) • Chlorogenic acid • Cyanidin 3-arabinose • Cyanidin-3-galactoside • Cyanidin-3-glucoside • Cyanidin glucuronide • Delphinidin-3-arabinose • Delphinidin-3-galactoside • Delphinidin-3-glucoside • Delphinidin glucuronide • Malvidin-3-arabinose • Malvidin-3-galactoside • Malvidin-3-glucoside • Peonidin-3-arabinose • Peonidin-3-galactoside • Peonidin-3-glucoside • Peonidin glucuronide • Petunidin-3-arabinose • Petunidin-3-galactoside • Petunidin-3-glucoside • Petunidin glucuronide | [185] |
Strawberry | ||||||
  300 g Fresh strawberries (fs) and stored strawberries (ss) | Single-dose,crossover | 13 (not specified) | LC-MS/MS | Blood plasma: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 h Urine: 0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8, 8–12, and 12–24 h | • Pelargonidin (u) • Pelargonidin glucoside (u) • Pelargonidin glucuronide (u) | [4]; |
  Strawberry powder: 10 g, 20 g, 40 g | Single-center, randomized, single-blind, four-arm, crossover | 5 (not specified) | Q-TOF LC/MS and LC-MS/MS | Blood plasma: 0 h, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 180 min, 240min, 300 min, 360 min | • Pelargonidin-O-glucuronide • Pelargonidin sulfate • Pelargonidin glycosides • Cyanidin glycosides | [5] |
  50 g Daily of freeze-dried strawberry powder for 4 weeks | 4-week one-arm study | 16 F | HPLC-UV | Fasting serum and plasma | • Ellagic acid | [9] |
  500 g Strawberries: integrated food production vs organic production | Open-label crossover design with run-in and washout periods and consisted of 8 visits at the 0th, 10th, 25th, 40th, 50th, 65th, 80th, and 90th day of observation | 33 (16 M; 17 F) | HPLC-UV/VIS, HPLC-ECD | Fasting plasma and spot morning urine | • Urolithin A | [14] |
  Strawberry juice, 55 g of fruits | Single-intake study | 3 M, 3 F | HPLC-MS | Urine: 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h | • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside • Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside • Pelargonidin glucuronide | [20] |
  Strawberry puree 100 g, 200 g, 400 g | Dose–response crossover study dosing | 12 (not specified) | HPLC-UV-MS | Urine: 0, 2, 4 ,6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h | • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside • Pelargonidin glucuronide (3 isomers) | [22] |
  250 g Strawberry | Randomized, 4-arm, not crossover. | 40 (20 M, 20 F) | LC-MS/MS | Urine: 8, 16, 32, 40, and 56 h | • Urolithin B • Urolithin B glucuronide | |
  Strawberries (150g) | Randomized, controlled, single-blinded, three-way crossover | 16 M (overweight, healthy) | LC-ESI- Q-TOF-MS | Urine: 0 h, 0–1 h, 1–2 h, 2–24 h | • Non-specific metabolites of flavonols • Furaneol glucuronide* • Furaneol sulfate* • Mesifurane sulfate* | [31] |
  Strawberry 10 g dry powder | Single-centre, randomized, single-blind, placebo controlled, crossover | 24 overweight adults (14 F, 10 M) | LC-MS/MS | Blood plasma: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 min | • Pelargodnidin sulfate • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside • Pelargonidin-3-glucuronide | [41] |
  200 g strawberries (179 mol pelargonidin-3-glucoside) | Single dose, dose–response study | 6 (3 F, 3 M) | HPLC-ESI-MS-MS, and HPLC-UV | Urine: 0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8, 8–12, and 12–24 h | • Pelagonidin monglucuronide (3 isomers) • Pelargonidin • Pelargonidin monosulfate • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside | [48] |
  Frozen strawberries (250 g) | 3 weeks intervention, one arm | 21 F | LC-MS/MS | Blood plasma and urine (morning urine, 0–12 h, 12–24 h, washout urine) | • 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3-[2H]furanone glucuronide (furaneol glucuronide) (p, u) • Pelargonidin-glucuronide (3 isomers) (p, u) • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside (p) • Urolithin A glucuronide (p, u) | [74]; |
  100 g, 200 g, 300 g, or 400 g portion of fresh strawberries | Randomized four phase crossover design, dose-response | 10 (3M, 7F) | HPLC-UV-MS | Urine: 0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8, and 8–24 h | • Pelagonidin monglucuronide (3 isomers) • Pelargonidin • Pelargonidin monosulfate • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside | |
  200 g of strawberries, containing 222 μmol of pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside | Single-dose, crossover study. Treatment vs control | 8 (6 M, 2 F) | HPLC-PDA-MS2 | Blood plasma (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h) and urine (0–2, 2–5, 5–8, and 8–24 h) | • Pelargonidin-glucuronide (4 isomers) (p, u) • Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (p, u) • Pelargonidin-O-monosulfate (u) • Pelargonidin (u) | [113] |
  Dry strawberry powder: 10 g, 20 g, 40 g, and placebo 0 g | A randomized, single-center, single-blinded, four-arm, placebo-controlled, 6-h postprandial, crossover study | 25 (not specified) | HPLC-Triple Quandrupole MS | Blood plasma 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 min, | • Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside • Pelargonidin glucuronide • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | [126] |
  500 g Daily strawberry consumption for 9 days | Open label, treatment vs control with a run-in and wash-out period, consisted of 7 visits | 14 (not specified) | HPLC-UV/VIS, HPLC-ECD | Fasting plasma and spot morning urine | • Urolithin A | [129] |
  2.5 kg Spanish strawberry and 3.0  kg Italian strawberry | Two groups, parallel, not crossover | 6 (4 M, 2 F) | LC-ESI-MS/MS | Urine: 24 h | • 2,5 dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2H]furanone • 2,5 dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3[2H]furanone glucuronide | [141] |
  Strawberry drink: 132 g of fresh strawberries (34.7 ± 0.5 mg anthocyanins per drink) | Within-subjects crossover design, delivering one strawberry drink and two control drinks | 24 (not specified) | UPLC-Triple Quandrupole MS | Blood plasma, from 0 to 10 h after meal | • Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside • Pelargonidin glucuronide • Pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside | [147] |
  12 g of freeze-dried strawberry powder | Double-blinded, 2-arm, placebo-controlled 90-day feeding trial | 38 | LC-MS/MS | Blood: Day 1 fasting blood; Day 45: fasting blood and 2 h postprandial Day 90: fasting blood and 2 h postprandial | • Urolithin A glucuronide • Isourolithin A glucuronide • Urolithin B glucuronide • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside • Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside • Pelargonidin glucuronide | [148] |
  200 g of fresh strawberries or 200 g strawberry puree | 4-week randomized study | 20 (8 M, 12 F) | LC-MS/MS | Urine: 0−8, 8−32, 32−56, 56−80, and 80−92 h | • Urolithin A glucuronide • Urolithin A • Urolithin B • Urolithin B glucuronide | [165] |
  Strawberry milk beverage and strawberry water beverage; 12 g of powder in each drink | Single-center, randomized, single-blinded, crossover study | 9 |  | Blood 0 h, 0.25 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h | • Pelargonidin-3-glucoside • Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside • Pelargonidin glucuronide | [179] |
Raspberry | ||||||
  300 g of raspberries | Acute, 1-arm study | 10 healthy persons (6 M, 4 F); 4 with ileostomy | HPLC-PDA-MS2 | Blood plasma: 0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 6.5, 7.5, and 24  h Urine: 0–4 h, 4–7 h, 7–24 h, 24–32 h, and 32–48 h Ileal fluid: 0–4 h, 4–7 h, 7–24 h, and 24–48 h | • Cyanidin-3-O-(2′′-O-glucosyl)rutinoside (if, u) • Cyanidin-3-O-(2′′-O-xylosyl)rutinoside (if) • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (if, u) • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (if) • Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside (if, u) • Ellagic acid(if, u) • Ellagic acid-O-glucuronide (u) • Pelargonidin-3-O-(2′′-O-glucosyl)rutinoside (if) • Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (if) • Pelargonidin-3-O-sophoroside (if) • Sanguiin H-6 (if) • Urolithin A glucuronide (u) | [70] |
  200 g, 400 g of raspberries, + placebo | 3-arm double-blind randomized controlled crossover | 10 M | UPLC-QTOF | Blood: 0 h, 2 h and 24 h postprandial | • Urolithin A • Urolithin A-3-glucuronide • Urolithin A-sulfate • Urolithin B glucuronide • (Iso)urolithin A • (Iso)urolithin A-3-glucuronide | [78] |
  300 g of homogenized raspberries | Acute, single dose | 9 (4 M, 5 F) | UHPLC-MSn and UHPLC-MS2 | Urine: 0–4 h, 4–8 h, 8–24 h, 24–32 h, 32–48 h Blood plasma: 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h | • (Iso)urolithin A-sulfate-O-glucuronide (u, p) • Isourolithin A-O-glucuronide (u, p) • Peonidin-3-O-glucoside (u) • Urolithin A (u) • Urolithin A-O-glucuronide (u, p) • Urolithin A-sulfate (u, p) • Urolithin B (u) • Urolithin B-3-O-glucuronide (u, p) • Dimethylellagic acid-O-glucuronide (u, p) • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (u, p) • Cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide (p) • Peonidin-3-O-glucoside (u) | [98] |
  Intragastric dosage of raspberry ketone, 1 mmol/kg | Single dose | (not specified) | GC-MS after derivatization | Urine of rat,rabbit, and guinea pig | • 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol • 4-(4-hydroxyphenpl)butan-2-one • 4-hydroxybenzoic acid • 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid • 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-ol • 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one • 4-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one • 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid • 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one • 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxpphenyl)butan-2-ol • 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2,3-diol • 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)butan-2-ol • 1-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxphenyl)butan-2-one • 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-l,2-diol | [156] |
  125 g raspberries per day for 4 weeks. | Not specified | 3 | UHPLC-QTOF (MS/MS); UHPLC-QQQ (MS/MS) | Blood: 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 5.5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, and 24 h Urine: − 12 h–0 h; 0–4 h, 4–8 h, 8–24 h, 24–36 h, 36–48 h | • Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside • Cyanidin-3-O-(2G glucosylrutinoside) • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside • Pelargonidin-3-O-sophoroside • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside • Cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide • Methyl cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside • Peonidin-3-O-glucoside • Urolithin A glucuronide • Urolithin B glucuronide • Urolithin A | [184] |
Blackberry | ||||||
  200 g of blackberries (containing 960 μmol of anthocyanins expressed as cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents) | Acute, single dose, kinetic study | 5 (3 F, 2 M) | HPLC-ESI-MS-MS and HPLC with UV-vis | Urine: 0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8, 8–12, and 12–24 h | • Cyanidin glycosides • Cyanidin glucuronide • Cyanidin diglucuronide • Cyanidin sulfate • Peonidin glycosides • Peonidin glucuronide, • Peonidin-3-glucoside glucuronide | [47] |
  250 mL of tropical highland blackberry juice | Acute study, repeated over the year, no placebo, different kinetics design | 26 (16 F, 10 M) | UPLC-DAD/ESI-Q-TOF/MS2 | Spot urine samples | • Urolithin A • Urolithin B • Urolithin C • Urolithin D • Urolithin M5 • Methyl urolithin A • Urolithin glucuronide A • Urolithin glucuronide B • Urolithin glucuronide C • Urolithin glucuronide D • Ellagic acid • Ellagic acid dimethyl ether glucuronide • Ellagic acid dimethyl ether | |
  Freeze-dried blackberries: 32 g for females and 45 g for males | 26 weeks pilot study with daily consumption of supplement | 20 | LC-MS/MS | 3 h pooled urine collected in the morning: week 0, week 12, week 26 | • Urolithin A glucuronide • Urolithin A-sulfate • Dimethylellagic acid glucuronide | [89] |
  250 g of blackberries | Randomized and crossover intervention | 18 (not specified) | HPLC-DAD | Blood plasma: 15, 30, 60, and 12 min Urine: 0, 120 min | • Cyanidin glycosides (u) • Cyanidin glucoside glucuronide (u, p) • Cyanidin glucoside sulfate (p, u) • Cyanidin glucuronide (two isomers) (p, u) • Methyl cyanidin glucoside glucuronide (p, u) • Methyl cyanidin glucuronide (p, u) | [100] |
  20 g freeze-dried blackberry powder, three times a day, for 9 weeks | One-arm study, patients with colorectal cancer | 20 (17 M, 3 F) | UHPLC-MS/MS, Orbitrap LTQ, and GC-MS | Blood plasma, urine at baseline and after treatment | • Cyanidin glycosides (u) | [123] |
  45 g of freeze-dried blackberries | One arm, 1 week study with 45 g of meal daily | 10 M | LC-MS/UV-Vis; HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Urine: 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, at 1st and 7th day | • Cyanidin glycosides | [161] |
Cranberry | ||||||
  480 mL cranberry Juice | Acute, single-dose, kinetic study | 15 (13 M, 2 F) | LC-Diode array/ ion trap MS/MS | Blood plasma: 0 h, 1 h, 2 h,  h, 4 h urine: 0–4 h | • Cyanidin-3-glycosides (u, p) • Malvidine-3-glycosides (u, p) • Peonidin-3-glycosides (u, p) | [108]; |
  200 mL cranberry juice | Acute, single-dose, kinetic study | 11 (9 M, 2 F) | HPLC-ESI-MS-MS | Urine 24 h | • Cyanidin-3-glycosides • Malvidine-3-glycosides • Peonidin-3-glycosides | [119] |
  250 mL cranberry juice twice a day | Crossover, 2-arm study | 17 F | UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS | Blood: fasting base line, 2h postprandial on third consumption day | • 5-(trihydroxphenyl)-γ-valerolactone* • Phenolics derivatives* | [94] |
  450 mL | Double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial | 78 | LC-MS/MS | Urine: 0 h, 3 h, 5 h, 8h postprandial | • Cyanidin-3-glucoside • Peonidin-3-glucoside • Cyanidin-3-galactoside • Peonidin-3-galactoside • Peonidin-3-arabinoside • Cyanidin-3-arabinoside | [27] |
  2 types of capsules of cranberry extract, intake for 7 days; 36 mg vs 12 mg extract per capsule | Randomized, double-blind, 2-arm repeated measure crossover design | 13 | LC-LTQ-Orbitrap XL | Urine: 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 10 h, 12 h, 24 h, at day 0 and day 7th | • Hydroxyphenyl-valerolactone derivatives* | [7] |
Blackcurrant | ||||||
  100 g whole blackcurrant vs 50 g diluted blackcurrant syrup | Randomized two-phase crossover | 10 (3 M, 7 F) | HPLC-ESI-MS | Blood plasma: 15 min, 30 min, 45 min and 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h Urine: 0–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–6 h, 6–8 h, 8–24 h and 24–48 h | • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (u) • Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (u) | |
  250 mL black currant juice vs placebo drink | Randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled acute meal study | 20 (11 F, 9 M) | GC-MS | urine: collected every 2 h and at 24 h | • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside • Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside • Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside | [80] |
  300 mL blackcurrant extract | Acute crossover | 5 M | HPLC-UV | Urine: 0 h, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, 240 min, 300 min | • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside • Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside • Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside | [105] |
  253 mg of blackcurrant extracts | Acute single dose | 4 (3 F, 1 M) | LC-MS/MS | Blood plasma: 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h | • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside • Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside • Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside | [114] |
  200 mL blackcurrant juice | Acute, single-dose, kinetic study | 4 (2 M , 2 F) | HPLC-UV-VIS | Urine: 0 h, 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 2.5 h, 3 h, 3.5 h, 4 h, 4.5 h, 5 h | • Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside • Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside • Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside | [115] |
  1.6 g blackcurrant extract powder in 200 mL water | Acute single-dose kinetic study | 5 M | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Plasma 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h Urine: 24−0 h prior to ingestion; 0−2 h, 2−4 h, 4−6 h, 6−8 h, 8−12 h, 12−24 h, 24−48 h postprandial | • Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside • Delphinidin 3-O-glucuronide • Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside • Cyanidin 3-O-glucuronide | [139] |