Variation in the vitamin D receptor gene, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and risk of premenstrual symptoms

Genes & Nutrition

Table 1 Participant characteristics stratified by vitamin D status categories^a

	Inadequate (< 50 nmol/L)	Adequate (≥ 50 nmol/L)	p value^b
n (%)	396 (55)	320 (45)
Age, (years)	22.2 ± 2.3	22.7 ± 2.6	0.007
Ethnicity, n (%)			< 0.0001
Caucasian	87 (34)	167 (66)
East Asian	221 (67)	109 (33)
South Asian	65 (79)	17 (21)
Other	23 (46)	27 (54)
BMI, (kg/m²)^c	22.3 ± 3.8	22.4 ± 3.1	0.62
Calcium intake, (mg/day)	919 ± 496	1092 ± 472	< 0.0001
Vitamin D intake (mg/day)	279 ± 218	403 ± 278	< 0.001
Physical activity, (MET-h/week)^d	7.1 ± 3.1	8.1 ± 3.2	< 0.0001
Analgesic use, n (%)	95 (56)	74 (43)	0.79
VDR^e genotype, n (%)			0.31
CC	152 (59)	106 (41)
CT	159 (52)	144 (48)
TT	85 (55)	70 (45)

^aValues are unadjusted means ± standard deviations for continuous variables, unless otherwise indicated
^bDifferences between groups were compared using chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables
^cBMI body mass index
^dMET metabolic equivalent
^eVDR vitamin D receptor

ISSN: 1865-3499