Table 1 Mean dietary intake of macronutrients/nutrients, GI and GL estimated by 3-day WFR and 24-h urinary C-peptide excretion during the 6-month diet intervention
|  | LGI/LP (n = 20) | HGI/LP (n = 15) | LGI/HP (n = 21) | HGI/HP (n = 21) | P Main effect of time | P Main effect of treatment | P Time × treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men/women | 8/12 | 4/11 | 11/10 | 10/11 | Â | Â | Â |
EI | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | NS | NS |
 Baseline (MJ) | 8.95 ± 0.65a | 11.96 ± 0.76 | 10.22 ± 0.62 | 10.16 ± 0.63 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (MJ) | 5.04 ± 0.65 | 6.17 ± 0.73 | 6.39 ± 0.62 | 7.36 ± 0.64 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (MJ) | 5.33 ± 0.63 | 5.36 ± 0.73 | 5.88 ± 0.66 | 5.37 ± 0.64 |  |  |  |
CHO |  |  |  |  | – | – | <0.0001 |
 Aim | 57–62 | 57–62 | 45–50 | 45–50 |  |  |  |
 Baseline (% E) | 46.2 ± 1.5 | 47.1 ± 1.9 | 44.7 ± 1.5 | 47.9 ± 1.5 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (% E) | 55.2 ± 1.7b | 57.3 ± 1.7c,d | 43.5 ± 1.5 | 48.7 ± 1.5 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (% E) | 52.3 ± 1.7 | 57.1 ± 1.8e,f | 46.7 ± 1.7 | 48.4 ± 1.5 |  |  |  |
Fibre | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | NS | NS |
 Baseline (g/day) | 19.9 ± 2.5 | 20.7 ± 2.7 | 18.2 ± 2.3 | 19.5 ± 2.4 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (g/day) | 31.9 ± 2.6 | 26.1 ± 2.7 | 24.6 ± 2.4 | 21.7 ± 2.4 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (g/day) | 32.7 ± 2.7 | 25.8 ± 2.9 | 25.2 ± 2.7 | 22.0 ± 2.6 |  |  |  |
Sugar | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.056 | NS | NS |
 Baseline (g/day) | 74.9 ± 6.2 | 62.2 ± 7.7 | 63.4 ± 5.9 | 66.3 ± 6.0 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (g/day) | 67.7 ± 7.0 | 92.1 ± 6.7 | 85.7 ± 6.1 | 80.8 ± 6.0 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (g/day) | 70.8 ± 7.2 | 84.5 ± 7.1 | 68.6 ± 6.9 | 80.8 ± 6.3 |  |  |  |
Starch | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.014 | NS | NS |
 Baseline (g/day) | 104 ± 7.7 | 114 ± 9.7 | 108 ± 7.4 | 116 ± 7.6 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (g/day) | 140 ± 8.8 | 126 ± 8.3 | 124 ± 7.6 | 128 ± 7.5 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (g/day) | 136 ± 9.1 | 125 ± 9.1 | 136 ± 8.7 | 130 ± 8.0 |  |  |  |
Protein |  |  |  |  | – | – | <0.0001 |
 Aim | 10–15 | 10–15 | 23–28 | 23–28 |  |  |  |
 Baseline (% E) | 19.1 ± 0.9 | 17.9 ± 1.1 | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 16.8 ± 0.9 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (% E) | 15.0 ± 1.0 | 17.4 ± 0.9 | 23.8 ± 0.9 | 21.6 ± 0.9 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (% E) | 18.0 ± 1.0 | 17.7 ± 1.1 | 23.5 ± 1.0 | 25.1 ± 0.9 |  |  |  |
Fat | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | NS | NS |
 Aim | 25–30 | 25–30 | 25–30 | 25–30 |  |  |  |
 Baseline (% E) | 31.9 ± 1.5 | 31.9 ± 1.9 | 33.3 ± 1.5 | 32.5 ± 1.5 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (% E) | 29.1 ± 1.7 | 26.2 ± 1.7 | 30.3 ± 1.5 | 28.4 ± 1.5 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (% E) | 27.6 ± 1.8 | 24.7 ± 1.8 | 26.3 ± 1.7 | 26.3 ± 1.6 |  |  |  |
GI |  |  |  |  | – | – | <0.0001 |
 Baseline (Units) | 66.0 ± 1.2 | 64.2 ± 1.3 | 65.0 ± 1.1 | 63.3 ± 1.1 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (Units) | 59.0 ± 1.3g | 63.2 ± 1.3 | 60.0 ± 1.1h | 66.1 ± 1.2 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (Units) | 59.0 ± 1.4 | 64.8 ± 1.4 | 58.6 ± 1.4 | 63.4 ± 1.3 |  |  |  |
GL | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | NS | NS |
 Baseline (g/day) | 172 ± 12.5 | 230.5 ± 14.4 | 175.3 ± 11.6 | 193.1 ± 11.8 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (g/day) | 131.1 ± 13.1 | 129.1 ± 14.1 | 97.1 ± 11.8 | 129.8 ± 12.2 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (g/day) | 158.6 ± 13.9 | 156.9 ± 15.0 | 124.3 ± 13.3 | 127.3 ± 12.8 |  |  |  |
U-C-peptidei (nmol/24Â h) | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | NS | NS |
 Baseline | 33.9 ± 3.3 | 33.5 ± 3.7 | 35.1 ± 3.1 | 27.2 ± 2.9 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 | 16.4 ± 3.7 | 19.7 ± 3.7 | 17.6 ± 3.2 | 17.1 ± 3.2 |  |  |  |
 Month 3 | 17.9 ± 3.4 | 21.1 ± 3.5 | 15.0 ± 3.4 | 17.7 ± 3.3 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 20.7 ± 4.1 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 18.0 ± 3.4 |  |  |  |
BMI | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0001 | NS | NS |
 Baseline (kg/m2) | 35.6 ± 1.7 | 32.5 ± 2.1 | 34.8 ± 1.7 | 33.0 ± 1.8 |  |  |  |
 Month 1 (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 2.0 | 25.4 ± 1.9 | 29.3 ± 1.8 | 26.7 ± 1.7 |  |  |  |
 Month 3 (kg/m2) | 31.3 ± 2.0 | 26.6 ± 2.0 | 29.7 ± 1.8 | 26.3 ± 1.7 |  |  |  |
 Month 6 (kg/m2) | 32.0 ± 2.0 | 28.8 ± 2.0 | 31.8 ± 1.9 | 29.4 ± 1.8 |  |  |  |