Table 2 General characteristics values of lipoprotein lipase PvuII genotypes in the non-metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome groups

Metabolic syndrome risk factors

Waist (cm)

88.57 ± 9.23

82.23 ± 10.33^a

85.10 ± 8.25^b

83.80 ± 8.85^ab,*

93.15 ± 7.09^c

92.74 ± 7.73^c

92.99 ± 6.95^c

SBP (mmHg)

129.28 ± 15.03

122.00 ± 9.35^a

123.09 ± 13.94^a

121.79 ± 12.49^a

138.08 ± 13.78^b

136.69 ± 14.49^b

134.81 ± 13.38^b

DBP (mmHg)

81.83 ± 11.28

76.89 ± 9.34^a

77.75 ± 10.38^a

76.75 ± 9.54^a

89.69 ± 10.47^c

86.54 ± 10.75^b

85.45 ± 10.64^b,*

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.92 ± 1.45

5.19 ± 0.62^a

5.35 ± 0.76^a

5.50 ± 1.52^a

5.99 ± 0.80^b

6.39 ± 1.52^c

6.54 ± 1.61^c

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.87 ± 1.14

1.08 ± 0.52^a

1.30 ± 0.70^a

1.30 ± 0.73^a,*

2.65 ± 1.18^c

2.29 ± 1.14^b

2.57 ± 1.24^c,*

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.26 ± 0.33

1.51 ± 0.38^d

1.40 ± 0.33^c

1.37 ± 0.34^c,*

1.20 ± 0.32^b

1.13 ± 0.23^ab

1.09 ± 0.24^a,**

Anthropometric, lipid-related variables

BMI (kg/m²)

25.43 ± 3.21

23.19 ± 2.95^a

24.33 ± 2.99^b

24.25 ± 3.07^b,*

26.56 ± 2.96^c

26.70 ± 2.85^c

26.68 ± 2.87^c

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.99 ± 0.93

4.97 ± 1.03^a

5.03 ± 0.97^ab

4.93 ± 0.91^a

5.26 ± 0.77^b

5.02 ± 1.00^ab

4.91 ± 0.82^a,*

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.90 ± 0.86

3.08 ± 0.71^c

3.04 ± 0.88^bc

2.99 ± 0.77^bc

2.93 ± 0.73^bc

2.83 ± 0.91^ab

2.70 ± 0.88^a

Insulin resistance-related variables and lipoprotein lipase mass

Insulin (ulU/mL)

5.17 ± 4.09

(n = 536)

3.58 ± 2.58^a

(n = 34)

4.53 ± 3.26^a

(n = 106)

4.32 ± 3.67^a

(n = 122)

5.80 ± 3.23^b

(n = 26)

6.03 ± 4.56^b

(n = 131)

5.99 ± 4.74^b

(n = 117)

HOMA-IR

1.40 ± 1.37

0.83 ± 0.58^a

1.09 ± 0.82^a

1.05 ± 0.90^a

1.53 ± 0.85^b

1.76 ± 1.85^b

1.79 ± 1.58^b

Lipoprotein lipase mass (ng/mL)

39.64 ± 18.05

(n = 369)

56.50 ± 18.42^d

(n = 25)

45.21 ± 17.54^c

(n = 70)

38.24 ± 15.92^b,***

(n = 85)

38.31 ± 13.22^b

(n = 16)

38.70 ± 17.25^b

(n = 95)

32.18 ± 17.68^a,**

(n = 78)

Nutrient intake (n = 269)

Energy (kcal)

1,829.30 ± 684.38 (n = 269)

1,750.80 ± 600.99 (n = 18)

1,824.12 ± 816.75 (n = 51)

1,720.54 ± 703.90 (n = 59)

1,814.82 ± 630.87 (n = 11)

1,883.20 ± 655.05 (n = 71)

1,904.33 ± 598.94 (n = 59)

Energy-adjusted niacin (mg)

16.89 ± 4.98

14.94 ± 3.95^a

17.33 ± 5.43^b

16.67 ± 3.72^ab,*

18.12 ± 3.76^b

17.21 ± 5.17^b

16.70 ± 5.78^ab

Frequency of life style (n = 500)

Physical activity

 Yes

326 (66.0%)

20 (6.1%)

62 (19.0)

76 (23.3%)

15 (4.6%)

82 (25.2%)

71 (21.8%)

 No

168 (34.0%)

10 (6.0%)

36 (21.4%)

36 (21.4%)

9 (5.4%)

42 (25.0%)

35 (20.8%)

Smoking habits

 Non-smoker

241 (48.2%)

21 (8.7%)

52 (21.6%)

72 (29.9%)*

9 (3.7%)

58 (24.1%)

29 (12.0%)***

 Ex-smoker

139 (27.8%)

4 (2.9%)

24 (17.3%)

25 (18.0%)

5 (3.6%)

35 (25.2%)

46 (33.1%)

 Smoker

120 (24.0%)

7 (5.8%)

22 (18.3%)

16 (13.3%)

11 (9.2%)

33 (27.5%)

31 (25.8%)

Alcohol consumption

 Non-drinker

164 (32.8%)

16 (9.8%)

34 (20.7%)

41 (25.0%)

5 (3.0%)

42 (25.6%)

26 (15.9%)*

 Ex-drinker

31 (6.2%)

1 (3.2%)

6 (19.4%)

3 (9.7%)

0 (0.0%)

11 (35.5%)

10 (32.3%)

 Drinker

305 (61.0%)

15 (4.9%)

58 (19.0%)

69 (22.6%)

20 (6.6%)

73 (23.9%)

70 (23.0%)