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Table 1 Effect of protocatechuic acid on the inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages

From: Potential anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, anti/estrogenic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of anthocyanins and their gut metabolites

Protocatechuic (μM)

Inhibition of NO production (%)

LPS 1 μg/mL

LPS 1 μg/mL + IFN-γ 1,000 U/mL

25

16.2 ± 3.3*

4.3 ± 1.3*

50

21.3 ± 3.4*

6.1 ± 0.3*

100

27.4 ± 5.7*

12.7 ± 3.3*

  1. Cells were pre-treated with protocatechuic acid for 3 h and then stimulated for 24 h with LPS (1 μg/mL) or LPS (1 μg/mL) + INF-γ (1,000 U/mL). Data were compared to activated controls treated with LPS 1 μg/mL (62.9 ± 20.2 nmol/mg protein) or LPS 1 μg/mL + IFN-γ 1,000 U/mL (101.1 ± 9.0 nmol/mg protein). Data derived from at least three independent experiments performed in triplicate and are expressed as means ± SD
  2. * Statistical significance: P < 0.05 comparing the value with control