Potential anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, anti/estrogenic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of anthocyanins and their gut metabolites

Table 3 Effect of gallic acid on MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 secretion in Ea.hy 926

Gallic acid (μM)	MCP-1 (%)	ICAM-1 (%)	VCAM-1 (%)
0	100	100	100
1	96.2 ± 5.0	94.5 ± 4.4	88.0 ± 38.3
10	85.7 ± 3.1*	91.9 ± 0.6*	76.2 ± 13.7*
50	81.2 ± 2.4*	88.6 ± 5.6	50.8 ± 5.9*
100	78.9 ± 1.8*	79.9 ± 0.6*	41.2 ± 4.9*

Cells were pre-treated with gallic acid (0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μM) for 16 h and then activated 6 h with TNF-α (10 ng/mL). Data were compared to TNF-α-stimulated controls (not treated with gallic acid). Data were derive from three independent experiments performed in duplicated and are expressed as means ± SD
* Statistical significance: P < 0.05 comparing the value with control

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