Table 1 Selection of reported gene-metabolism associations
From: Current status on genome–metabolome-wide associations: an opportunity in nutrition research
Gene | Association | Metabolic trait | Metabolic process |
|---|---|---|---|
ACADM | Acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase | Hexanoylcarnitine/oleate | Mitochondrial fatty acids β-oxidation |
AGXT2 | Alanine-glyoxilate aminotransferase-2 | β-Aminoisobutyrate | β-Aminoisobutyrate/pyruvate reaction (Alanine synthesis) |
ALMS1 | Alstrom syndrome | N-Acetylated compounds | – |
APOA1 APOC3 APOA4 APOA5 | Apolipoprotein cluster | Triglyceride levels and phosphatidylcholine ratios (PC 36:2/PC 38:1) | Protein composition of HDL in plasma |
ATP10D | Phospholipid-transporting ATPase | Glucosylceramides 16:0 and 24:1 | Ceramide transport |
CPS1 | Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase | Glycine | Protein/nitrogen metabolism |
ELOVL2 | Elongase | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | Elongation of polyunsaturated (n−3) fatty acids |
FADS1 | Fatty acid delta-5 desaturase affecting polyunsaturated and omega 3/6 long-chain fatty acids (PUFA) | Eicosatrienoyl-CoA (C20:3) arachidonyl-CoA (C20:4) | Regulation of LDL, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels |
GCKR | Glucose kinase regulator protein | Glucose/mannose | Glucose homeostasis |
LASS4 | Ceramide synthase | Sphingomyelins 18:0, 20:0, 20:1, Ceramides 20:0 | Ceramide synthesis |
LIPC | Breaking down triglycerides to mono- and diacylglycerols and fatty acids | Phosphatidylethanolamine PE aa C38:6 | Regulation of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides |
MCAD | Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase | Acyl-carnitines (C12/C8) | Fatty acids β-oxidation |
MTNR1B | High-affinity receptor for melatonin | Glucose (fasting) | Inhibitory effect of melatonin on insulin secretion |
NAT2 | Risk locus for coronary artery disease. Response to drug toxicity | 1-Methylxanthine/4-acetamidobutanoate; formate/succinate ratio | Regulation of triglyceride levels |
NAT8 | Cysteinyl-conjugate N-acetyltransferase | N-Acetyl compounds | Acetylation of cysteine S-conjugates to mercapturic acids. |
PANK1 | Pantothenate kinase Coenzyme A synthesis | Insulin | Glucose metabolism |
PARK2 | Parkin (ligase) | Lysine | Glutamate/aminoacid metabolism |
PLEK | Pleckstrin protein | Sphingomyelin C14:0 | Protein/lipid interactions |
PYROXD2 | Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase | Trimethylamine (urine), dimetylamine (plasma) | Oxidoreductase enzyme |
SCAD | Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase | Acyl-carnitines (C3/C4) | Fatty acids β-oxidation |
SGPP1 | Sphingosine-1-phosphatase 1 | Sphingomyelins 14:0, 15:0, 23:0, 24:0, 22:1, 24:1dihydrosphingomyelin 16:0 and 18:0 | Recycling of sphingosine into long-chain ceramides |
SLC7A9 | Glycoprotein-associated amino acid transporter | Glutarylcarnitine/lysine | Involved in the high-affinity, sodium-independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids |
SPTLC3 | Serine palmitoyltransferase | Cer16:0, 22:0, 23:0, 24:0, 24:1, saturated and unsaturated ceramides, sphingomyelins 17:0, 16:1 | Ceramide synthesis and transport |