Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Birth characteristics and breastfeeding | FO group | SO group |
|---|---|---|
Gender [n, F:M (%M)] | 33:28 (46) | 29:43 (60) |
Gestational length (wk) | 40.0 ± 1.5 (57) | 40.0 ± 1.4 (69) |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.5 ± 0.4 (61) | 3.6 ± 0.5 (71) |
Birth length (cm) | 51.9 ± 1.9 (61) | 52.3 ± 2.3 (71) |
Breastfeeding—duration full (mo) | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) (61) | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) (71) |
Breastfed at 9 months (%yes) | 52 | 49 |
Anthropometry | ||
Age (mo) | 9.1 ± 0.3 (61) | 9.1 ± 0.3 (72) |
Length (cm) | 72.1 ± 2.4 (61) | 72.5 ± 2.4 (72) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 17.9 ± 1.5 (61) | 17.6 ± 1.4 (72) |
Metabolic markers | ||
Plasma triacylglycerol (mmol/L) | 1.21 (0.86–1.87) (57) | 1.41 (0.93–2.10) (62) |
Plasma total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.04 ± 0.83 (57) | 4.04 ± 0.90 (62) |
Plasma LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.32 ± 0.66 (57) | 2.34 ± 0.77 (62) |
Plasma HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.10 ± 0.25 (57) | 1.06 ± 0.25 (62) |
Plasma insulina (pmol/L) | 31 (15–64) (57) | 39 (22–61) (60) |
Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.7 (58) | 5.3 ± 0.6 (63) |
HOMA | 1.0 (0.5–2.4) (57) | 1.5 (0.8–2.3) (60) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 111 ± 13 (59) | 112 ± 10 (59) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 66 ± 9 (59) | 64 ± 7 (72) |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 84 ± 9 (58) | 83 ± 8 (72) |
Heart rate (bpm) | 99 ± 23 (60) | 103 ± 20 (72) |
Daily dietary intake | ||
Energy intake (kJ) | 3,260 ± 1,134 (61) | 3,150 ± 831 (70) |
Protein intake (E %) | 12.4 ± 1.9 (61) | 12.6 ± 2.1 (70) |
Carbohydrate intake (E %) | 50.5 ± 4.6 (61) | 51.4 ± 6.2 (70) |
Fat intake (E %) | 37.2 ± 4.4 (61) | 36.0 ± 5.9 (70) |
SFA | 12.8 ± 3.9 (61) | 14.0 ± 3.9 (70) |
MUFA | 12.6 ± 2.9 (61) | 12.1 ± 2.6 (70) |
PUFA | 7.7 (5.3–9.2) (61) | 6.1 (4.9–7.8) (70) |
n-3 PUFA | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) (61) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) (70) |
n-6 PUFA | 5.8 (3.8–7.6) (61) | 4.8 (3.7–6.0) (70) |
n-6/n-3PUFA | 6.2 (4.4–8.0) (61) | 5.8 (4.4–7.2) (70) |
Fish introduced at 9 months [yes:no (%yes)] | 56:5 (92) | 54:16 (74) |
Fish intake (g) | 10.6 (3.4–14.7) (50) | 6.3 (2.9–12.5) (62) |
Erythrocyte FA composition | ||
EPA 20:5n-3 (FA %) | 0.92 (0.66–1.32) (57) | 0.82 (0.63–1.15) (63) |
DHA 22:6n-3 (FA %) | 6.67 ± 1.83 (57) | 6.69 ± 1.54 (63) |
Genotype distribution (MM:Mm:mm) | ||
PPARG2-Pro12Ala (rs1801282) | 44:10:1b | 52:10:0 |
COX2-C8473T (rs5275) | 23:25:7 | 29:26:7 |
COX2 A-1195G (rs689466) | 37:16:2 | 43:17:2 |