Table 1 Processes of phenotypic flexibility modulated by OGTT
From: Phenotypic flexibility as a measure of health: the optimal nutritional stress response test
Organ system | Process | Direction (↑, ↓, –) | Disturbed |
|---|---|---|---|
Gut | Incretin production | (GLP-1) ↑ | |
Adipose tissue | Lipolysis | ↓ | IGT |
Adipokine production | – | ||
Systemic stress | Insulin sensitivity | ↑ | MetS, IGT, IFG, others |
Oxidative stress | ↓ | MetS | |
Nitrosative stress | ↑ | T2DM | |
Inflammation | – | ||
ER stress | ↓ | ||
Muscle | Proteolysis | ↑ | IFG |
Muscle injury control | ↓ | ||
Liver | β-oxidation | ↓ | IGT |
Ketogenesis | ↓ | IGT | |
Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis | ↑ | IGT | |
Purine degradation | ↓ | ||
Lipoprotein production | ↓ | MetS, IGT | |
Bile production | ↓ | IGT | |
Kidney | Urea cycle | ↓ | |
Vasculature | Blood pressure regulation | ↓ | MetS |
NO formation | ↓ | ||
Adhesion | Subtle ↑ | T2DM | |
Pancreas | Insulin secretion | ↑ | MetS |
Brain | HPA axis | – | MetS |
Neurotransmitters and precursors | ↓ |