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Table 2 Significant differential metabolites induced by diet imbalance in T2D-relevant tissues

From: Nutritional systems biology of type 2 diabetes

Diet Imbalance

Tissues

Increased metabolites

Decreased metabolites

High-fat diet versus Chow (Kim et al. 2011)

Serum

Serotonin

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)

Pipecolic acid

l-Carnitine

Stearoylcarnitine

Uric acid

LysoPC (17:0), (18:0), (18:3)

Valine, arginine, tyrosine, benzoic acid

Pantothenic acid

Phenylacetamide

Myristoylcarnitine

Decanoylcarnitine

Hexadecenoylcarnitine

Vaccenylcarnitine

Linoleylcarnitine

LysoPE (18:2), (20:4)

LysoPC (14:0), (15:0), (16:0), (16:1), (17:1), (18:1), (18:2), (19:0), (20:1), (20:4), (20:5)

Liver

7-Ketodeoxycholic acid

LysoPC (20:4)

Monosaccharide

Fatty acid

Maltose-8TMS

L-Carnitine

3-Metyl-glutarylcarnitine

LysoPC (16:1)

trans-Palmitoleic acid-1TMS

Tyrosine

Glycerol-3TMS

Glucose-5TMS

NAD+/NADH

High-fructose diet versus Chow (Lin et al. 2011)

Blood plasma

Proline, methionine, proline, tryptophan, glutamine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucine/isoleucine

LysoPE (20:4), (18:1)

LysoPC (20:4), (14:0), (20:5), (16:1)

α-/g-Linolenic acid (18:3)

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5)

Glycocholic acid

Liver

LysoPC (22:5), (20:4), (18:1), (16:1), (20:4)

Cytosine

Oleic acid (18:1)

Palmitoleic acid (16:1)

PC(18:4/20:2), (18:1/22:5), (20:2/16:0), (18:2/16:0)

PE (22:6/16:0)

Ergothioneine

Malic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5)

Muscle

LysoPC (22:4)

LysoPE (16:0)

Adrenic acid (22:4)

Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5)

PC(18:4/20:2), (18:1/22:5), (22:6/20:4), (22:5/16:1), (18:4/18:1), (20:0/15:0), (22:5/P-16:0), (24:1/15:0)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5)

High- versus low-protein diet (Rasmussen et al. 2012)

Diabetes Urine

Creatine

Taurine

TMAO

Citric acid

Vitamin B6 deficiency versus Chow (da Silva et al. 2013)

Blood plasma

Serine

Cystathionine

Dimethylglycine

Creatine

Creatinine

Vitamin D deficiency versus Chow (Finkelstein et al. 2014)

Blood plasma

Pyridoxate

Bilirubin

Xylose

cholate

Leukotrienes

1,2-propanediol

Azelate

Undecanedioate

Sebacate

Piperine

  1. LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholines; lysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide