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Fig. 3 | Genes & Nutrition

Fig. 3

From: Curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin both prevent osteoarthritis symptoms and decrease the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in estrogen-deficient rats

Fig. 3

The area under the curve of serum glucose and insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (a–c). Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were provided with a 45 % fat diet containing (1) 0.4 % curcumin, (2) 0.4 % tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), (3) 30 μg/kg body weight 17β-estradiol + 0.4 % dextrin (positive control), (4) 0.4 % dextrin (control), or (5) 0.4 % dextrin (normal control for osteoarthritis). At the beginning of the fifth week, an articular injection of monoiodoacetate into the right knee was performed in all OVX groups except the normal-control group. Rats in the normal-control group had articular injections of saline in the right knee. At 2 weeks after injecting MIA, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed with 2 g glucose per kilogram body weight. Blood samples were taken at the time points indicated, glucose and serum were measured, and the area under the curve of glucose and insulin was calculated. The dots or bars and error bars represent mean ± SD (n = 10). Asterisks represent the significant treatment effect by repeated measures of a two-way ANOVA test at P < 0.05. (a, b) The bars or dots with different letters were significantly different among groups by the Tukey test at P < 0.05

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