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Fig. 4 | Genes & Nutrition

Fig. 4

From: Curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin both prevent osteoarthritis symptoms and decrease the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in estrogen-deficient rats

Fig. 4

Gross observation of osteoarthritis symptoms and pain-related behaviors at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after monoiodoacetate (MIA) injection. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were provided with a 45 % fat diet containing (1) 0.4 % curcumin, (2) 0.4 % tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), (3) 30 μg/kg body weight 17β-estradiol + 0.4 % dextrin (positive control), (4) 0.4 % dextrin (control), or (5) 0.4 % dextrin (normal control for osteoarthritis). At the beginning of the fifth week, an articular injection of monoiodoacetate into the right knee was performed on all OVX groups except the normal-control group and the assigned diets were provided for an additional 3 weeks. Rats in the normal-control group had an articular injection of saline in the right knee. In a gross observation of osteoarthritis symptoms, the scores of the swelling (a) and limping (b) in the right knee were measured. As indicators of knee pain, differences in weight distribution of the right hind paw (c) were measured by an incapacitance tester and maximum running velocity on a treadmill (d) was determined. Each data point and error bar represents the mean ± SD (n = 10). Asterisks represent the significant treatment effect by repeated measures of a two-way ANOVA test at P < 0.05. (a, b, c, d) The dots with different letters were significantly different among groups in the Tukey test at P < 0.05

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