Table 2 Weight reduction studies and inflammatory response
Study | Subjects | N (sex) | Age (years) | Duration and study design | Intervention/intake | CRP | TNFα | IL-6 | ICAM | VCAM | MCP1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bazzano et al., 2014, USA | Healthy BMI 30–45 | 103 (M/F) | 22–75 | 12 weeks parallel | Low-fat diet: less than 30% of daily energy intake from total fat (with < 7% from SFA) and 55% from carbohydrates Low-carbohydrate diet: less than 40 g/day of digestible carbohydrates (total carbohydrates—fiber) | ↓with low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat | |||||
De Luis et al., 2014, Spain | Healthy BMI 36.5 | 391 (M/F) | 438 | 12 weeks parallel | Diet P: high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet (34.4 E%) Diet M: high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet (34.1 E%) | ↔ | |||||
Silver et al., 2014, USA | Healthy BMI 34.8 | 91 (F) | 36.7 | 14 weeks parallel | Testing 18C fatty acid supplementation Balanced high fat diet (HFD) supplemented with 9 g/day stearate, oleate, linoleate, or placebo (food grade silicon dioxide powder) | ↔ | ↑with HFD + O vs. HFD + P | ↑with HFD + O vs. HFD + P | |||
Su et al., 2015, Taiwan | MetS BMI ≥ 24 and ≤ 35 | 143 (F) | – | 12 weeks parallel | CR: calorie restriction diet CRMR: calorie-restriction meal-replacement diet CRF: Calorie-restriction diet with fish oil supplement CRMRF: calorie-restriction meal-replacement diet with fish oil supplementation | ↔ | ↔ | ||||
Tovar et al., 2016, Sweden | Healthy BMI 25–33 | 47 (M/F) | 50–73 | 8 weeks parallel | Multifunctional diet (MFD): low-glycemic-impact meals, antioxidant-rich foods, oily fish, viscous dietary fibers, soybean and whole barley, kernel products, almonds and plant stanols Control diet (CD): processed cereals, white wheat bread, dark wheat bread, fruits and vegetables | ↔ |