Table 1 Participant characteristics by quintiles (Q) of energy-adjusted total zinc, dietary zinc, zinc to iron ratio, and zinc supplement use (yes/no) in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study at baseline (1991–1996)
| Â | Total zinc intake | Dietary zinc intake | Zinc to iron ratio | Zinc supplement use | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | No | Yes | |
Number of subjects | 5234 | 5228 | 5223 | 5221 | 5226 | 5234 | 5231 | 5224 | 5219 | 5224 | 5223 | 5227 | 5225 | 5228 | 5229 | 21,715 | 4417 |
Total zinc (mg/day) | 8.6 (2.1) | 10.3 (2.3) | 11.5 (2.6) | 13.1 (3.0) | 21.4 (7.6) | 10.5 (5.7) | 12.1 (5.7) | 12.8 (5.6) | 13.9 (6.0) | 15.5 (6.1) | 12.6 (4.6) | 12.3 (3.0) | 11.5 (4.1) | 15.1 (7.8) | 13.3 (8.3) | 11.2 (3.4) | 21.7 (8.3) |
Total iron (mg/day) | 13.7 (4.4) | 14.9 (4.9) | 15.8 (5.2) | 16.7 (5.9) | 16.2 (5.8) | 17.1 (14.5) | 17.6 (11.1) | 18.3 (12.7) | 18.5 (10.9) | 19.0 (10.7) | 17.7 (5.4) | 20.5 (22.3) | 15.7 (9.3) | 19.4 (8.9) | 17.2 (5.3) | 16.4 (11.6) | 26.3 (11.2) |
Dietary zinc (mg/day) | 8.6 (2.1) | 10.2 (2.3) | 11.5 (2.6) | 13.0 (3.1) | 12.5 (4.1) | 8.7 (2.3) | 10.2 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.8) | 12.0 (2.9) | 13.8 (3.8) | 11.9 (3.5) | 12.1 (3.0) | 10.9 (3.1) | 10.3 (3.1) | 10.5 (3.5) | 11.2 (3.4) | 10.9 (3.1) |
Zinc supplement (mg/day) among users | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.7) | 1.6 (1.1) | 12.6 (7.1) | 10.7 (8.5) | 11.0 (7.4) | 10.6 (7.5) | 10.9 (8.1) | 10.5 (7.1) | 7.3 (7.5) | 1.5 (1.5) | 7.8 (5.6) | 13.3 (4.3) | 13.2 (10.2) | – | 10.8 (7.7) |
Demography and lifestyle | |||||||||||||||||
 Age (years) | 59.3 (7.8) | 58.2 (7.6) | 57.5 (7.5) | 56.6 (7.2) | 57.5 (7.6) | 59.4 (7.9) | 58.7 (7.7) | 57.9 (7.6) | 57.0 (7.4) | 56.2 (7.0) | 57.5 (7.4) | 57.0 (7.4) | 57.7 (7.6) | 58.7 (7.8) | 58.3 (7.8) | 57.7 (7.6) | 58.4 (7.8) |
 Male sex (%) | 34.1 | 36.1 | 40.2 | 43.4 | 35.1 | 35.7 | 36.1 | 36.9 | 37.7 | 41.6 | 44.0 | 38.9 | 35.6 | 32.0 | 38.5 | 39.9 | 27.2 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 (3.9) | 25.5 (3.8) | 25.8 (3.9) | 25.9 (4.0) | 25.4 (3.9) | 25.2 (3.8) | 25.4 (3.8) | 25.5 (3.8) | 25.7 (3.9) | 26.1 (4.0) | 25.7 (3.9) | 25.8 (4.0) | 25.6 (3.9) | 25.3 (3.8) | 25.5 (3.9) | 25.8 (3.9) | 24.9 (3.7) |
  < 25 (%) | 49.8 | 49.6 | 46.9 | 45.3 | 51.1 | 51.7 | 50.8 | 49.6 | 47.7 | 42.7 | 47.0 | 46.5 | 48.0 | 51.6 | 49.4 | 46.7 | 57.3 |
  25–29.9 (%) | 38.4 | 39.2 | 39.4 | 40.7 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 38.0 | 38.1 | 39.4 | 42.2 | 40.5 | 39.3 | 39.2 | 37.3 | 39.3 | 40.1 | 34.1 |
  ≥ 30 (%) | 11.8 | 11.3 | 13.7 | 14.0 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 15.1 | 12.4 | 14.2 | 12.8 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 13.2 | 8.5 |
 High physical activity (%) | 24.3 | 25.3 | 24.6 | 25.0 | 25.9 | 25.1 | 26.2 | 24.6 | 25.6 | 23.6 | 24.9 | 25.2 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 25.7 | 24.5 | 27.7 |
 Current smoker (%) | 31.5 | 27.8 | 28.9 | 27.5 | 26.7 | 31.2 | 27.6 | 27.8 | 27.1 | 28.6 | 27.1 | 30.0 | 30.4 | 27.4 | 27.5 | 29.3 | 24.3 |
 High educational level (%) | 11.8 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 15.5 | 17.9 | 12.7 | 13.8 | 14.9 | 15.6 | 16.0 | 14.6 | 15.3 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 15.0 | 13.7 | 19.1 |
Diet | |||||||||||||||||
 Total energy (kcal) | 2056 (2041–2072) | 2132 (2116–2148) | 2190 (2173–2206) | 2229 (2212–2246) | 2172 (2156–2189) | 2142 (2126–2158) | 2164 (2148–2180) | 2162 (2146–2179) | 2166 (2150–2182) | 2141 (2124–2159) | 2210 (2192–2227) | 2188 (2171–2205) | 2150 (2133–2166) | 2087 (2072–2102) | 2143 (2127–2159) | 2161 (2153–2169) | 2126 (2109–2142) |
 Alcohol (g/day) | 8.0 (7.7–8.3) | 7.7 (7.4–8.0) | 7.8 (7.6–8.1) | 7.9 (7.6–8.1) | 7.5 (7.3–7.8) | 8.5 (8.2–8.9) | 7.7 (7.4–8.0) | 7.7 (7.5–8.0) | 7.6 (7.4–7.9) | 7.3 (7.1–7.6) | 7.8 (7.5–8.1) | 7.7 (7.4–8.0) | 7.4 (7.1–7.6) | 7.7 (7.5–8.0) | 8.3 (8.0–8.6) | 7.8 (7.7–8.0) | 7.5 (7.2–7.7) |
 Dietary fiber (g/day) | 16.4 (16.3–16.6) | 18.2 (18.0–18.3) | 19.2 (19.1–19.4) | 20.3 (20.1–20.5) | 20.4 (20.2–20.6) | 17.0 (16.8–17.1) | 18.4 (18.2–18.5) | 19.0 (18.8–19.2) | 19.7 (19.6–19.9) | 20.4 (20.2–20.6) | 20.2 (20.0–20.4) | 19.2 (19.0–19.4) | 18.0 (17.8–18.1) | 18.2 (18.0–18.3) | 18.8 (18.6–18.9) | 18.6 (18.6–18.7) | 19.9 (19.7–20.1) |
 Processed meat (g/day) | 31.2 (30.5–32.0) | 37.2 (36.4–38.1) | 39.8 (38.9–40.7) | 41.9 (41.0–42.9) | 37.4 (36.5–38.3) | 31.8 (31.0–32.6) | 36.7 (35.9–37.6) | 38.4 (37.5–39.3) | 39.4 (38.5–40.3) | 41.0 (40.0–41.9) | 41.2 (40.2–42.2) | 39.1 (38.2–40.1) | 36.8 (36.0–37.7) | 34.2 (33.4–35.0) | 35.9 (35.1–36.7) | 38.2 (37.7–38.6) | 33.5 (32.6–34.4) |
 Sugar-sweetened beverages (g/day) | 89.0 (84.8–93.4) | 71.7 (68.2–75.4) | 69.4 (66.1–72.9) | 63.9 (60.7–67.3) | 60.7 (57.5–64.2) | 95.2 (90.8–99.9) | 73.5 (69.9–77.3) | 66.6 (63.4–70.0) | 63.1 (60.0–66.4) | 56.8 (53.7–60.1) | 66.6 (63.1–70.2) | 68.7 (65.3–72.3) | 78.8 (75.0–82.8) | 71.9 (68.3–75.7) | 69.2 (65.9–72.8) | 72.6 (70.8–74.4) | 63.3 (59.7–67.2) |
 Fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 295.0 (290.3–299.8) | 322.6 (318.2–327.0) | 334.1 (329.4–338.8) | 349.4 (344.6–354.3) | 361.5 (356.5–366.5) | 299.3 (294.6–304.1) | 328.1 (323.5–332.8) | 332.1 (327.5–336.7) | 344.5 (339.9–349.2) | 357.4 (352.4–362.5) | 340.4 (335.5–345.3) | 334.5 (329.7–339.4) | 322.9 (318.2–327.7) | 330.4 (325.8–335.1) | 330.6 (325.8–335.3) | 325.8 (323.5–328.2) | 362.2 (357.0–367.4) |
 Coffee (g/day) | 405.1 (396.3–414.1) | 411.0 (402.4–419.8) | 435.0 (425.9–444.3) | 437.4 (427.8–447.2) | 418.5 (409.3–427.9) | 404.6 (395.8–413.6) | 407.7 (399.1–416.5) | 415.9 (407.1–424.8) | 432.4 (423.1–441.8) | 447.2 (437.2–457.4) | 426.0 (416.9–435.3) | 438.1 (428.5–448.0) | 424.1 (414.9–433.4) | 401.3 (392.7–410.1) | 417.3 (408.4–426.4) | 427.7 (423.2–432.3) | 390.2 (381.0–400.0) |
 Diet supplement user (%) | 62.6 | 63.3 | 61.1 | 62.2 | 87.4 | 68.0 | 68.2 | 68.3 | 65.5 | 66.6 | 63.6 | 65.0 | 63.4 | 76.1 | 68.6 | 60.7 | 100.0 |