Fig. 2

Impact of aerobic training or fructose ingestion on expression of genes involved in regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in rat skeletal muscle. a PGC-1α1. b FNDC5. c Transcriptional regulators of skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training and GLUT4. Groups: C control, E exercise, F fructose, FE fructose + exercise. Relative expression was calculated using methods described by Livak and Schmittgen. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. A main effect of fructose on expression of PGC-1α1, FNDC5, NR4A3/Nor-1, and GLUT4 was detected. In addition to the main effect of fructose, there is also a main effect of exercise and an interaction fructose exercise on expression of Errα and Pparδ. In contrast, there is a main effect of exercise on expression of FoxO3A. (see the text for further details). * p < 0.040, # p < 0.001