Table 2 Biomarkers of coffee intake discovered in observational studies
From: Biomarkers of intake for coffee, tea, and sweetened beverages
| Beverage | No. subjects | Sample type | Analytical method | Enzymatic hydrolysis | Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers (HMDB ID if available) | Association with | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coffee | 111 | Urine (24 h) | GC-MS | Yes | Isoferulic acid (HMDB0000955) | FFQ | [32] |
| Coffee | 344 | Urine (24 h) | GC-MS | Yes | Isoferulic acid (HMDB0000955) | 24-HDR | [32] |
| Coffee | 53 | Urine (24 h and spot) | LC-MS | Yes | Chlorogenic acid (HMDB0003164), caffeic acid (HMDB0001964) | 2-Day dietary record | [33] |
| Coffee | 68 | Urine (24 h) | FIA-MS | Yes | Dihydrocaffeic acid (not in HMDB), dihydrocaffeic acid 3-glucuronide (HMDB0041720) | FFQ | [36] |
| Coffee | 39 | Urine (morning spot) | LC-MS | No | Atractyligenin glucuronide (not in HMDB), cyclo(isoleucylprolyl) (not in HMDB), trigonelline (HMDB0000875), paraxanthine (HMDB0001860), theobromine (HMDB0002825), theophylline (HMDB0001889), 1-methylxanthine (HMDB0010738), hippuric acid (HMDB0000714), trimethyluric acid (HMDB0002123), 3-hydroxyhippuric acid (HMDB0006116), 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (AFMU) (HMDB0011105), 1,3 or 3,7 dimethyluric acid (HMDB0001857, HMDB0001982), caffeine (HMDB0001847) | FFQ | [38] |
| Coffee | 502 | Serum | LC-MS, GC-MS | No | Trigonelline (HMDB0000875), quinic acid (HMDB0003072), 1-methylxanthine (HMDB0010738), paraxanthine (HMDB0001860), N-2-furoylglycine (HMDB0000439), catechol sulfate (not in HMDB) | FFQ | [39] |
| Coffee | 498 | Serum | LC-MS | No | Trigonelline (HMDB0000875), quinic acid (HMDB0003072), paraxanthine (HMDB0001860), N-2-furoylglycine (HMDB0000439), catechol sulfate (not in HMDB), caffeine (HMDB0001847), 1-methylxanthine (HMDB0010738), theophylline (HMDB0001889), trimethyluric acid (HMDB002123), hydroxyhippuric acid (HMDB0006116), 1,7-dimethyluric acid (HMDB0011103), 1-methyluric acid (HMDB0003099), cyclo(leu-pro) (HMDB0034276), 4-vinylphenol sulfate (HMDB0062775), hydroxyphenylpropionate (HMDB0000375), theobromine (HMDB0002825), cinnamoylglycine (HMDB0011621) | FFQ | [10] |
| Coffee | 475 | Urine (24 h) | LC-MS | No | Dihydroferulic acid sulfate (HMDB0041724), guaiacol glucuronide (not in HMDB), feruoylquinic acid (HMDB0030669), ferulic acid sulfate (HMDB0029200), feruoylquinic acid glucuronide (not in HMDB), 3-caffeoylquinic acid (HMDB0003164), p-coumaric acid sulfate (not in HMDB), caffeic acid sulfate (HMDB0041706), ferulic acid glucuronide (HMDB0041733), hydroxyhippuric acid (HMDB0006116), dihydrocaffeic acid sulfate (HMDB0041721), m-coumaric acid sulfate (not in HMDB), dihydroferulic acid glucuronide (HMDB0041723), p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HMDB0000755), guaiacol sulfate (not in HMDB), ethylcatechol glucuronide (not in HMDB) | 24-HDR | [37] |