Table 5 Biomarkers of intake for sugar-sweetened beverages discovered in observational studies
From: Biomarkers of intake for coffee, tea, and sweetened beverages
| No. subjects | Analytical method | Sample type | Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers (HMDB ID) | Association with | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 144 | IRMS | Serum | δ13C | 24-HDR (× 2) | [86] |
| 60 | IRMS | Blood | δ13C | 4-day dietary record | [85] |
| 68 | GC-IRMS | Red blood cells | δ13C of alanine (HMDB0000161) | 24-HDR (× 2) | [84] |
| 68 | IRMS | Red blood cells, plasma, hair | δ13C | 24-HDR | [87] |
| 68 | IRMS | Fasting plasma | δ13C of glucose (HMDB0000122) | 24-HDR | [87] |
| 257 | IRMS | Blood | δ13C | 24-HDR (× 3), 4-day dietary record | [91] |
| 565 | 1H-NMR | Urine | Formate (HMDB0000142), citrulline (HMDB0000904), taurine HMDB0000251, isocitrate (HMDB0000193) | 4-day dietary record | [95] |