Table 1 List of reported putative biomarkers for the intake of dairy products
From: Biomarker of food intake for assessing the consumption of dairy and egg products
Dietary factor | Study design | N | Meth | Sample type | Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dairy products in general | ||||||
 Dairy products | Randomized intervention study (increased dairy, reduced dairy or no change, 1 month) | 180 | GC-MS and GC-FID | Blood plasma | C15:0 in phospholipids | [32] |
C17:0 in phospholipids | ||||||
 Dairy fat | Randomized controlled intervention study (regular fat dairy replaced by low-fat dairy, 12 weeks) | 114 children | – | Blood serum | C15:0 | [34] |
 Dairy products (cheddar cheese, butter, extra creamy whole milk) | Randomized, cross-over intervention (breakfast with dairy or soy, postprandial 4 h) | 16 | LC-MS (lipidomics) | Blood plasma | Phosphatidylcholine C15:0 | [44] |
Phosphatidylcholine C17:0 | ||||||
 Dairy fat (from milk, sour milk, yogurt, cheese, cream and butter) | Case-control study/FFQ | 111 cases + 107 controls | GC-FID | Blood serum (and adipose tissue) | C17:1 in non-esterified fatty acids, triacylgylcerols and cholesteryl esters | [28] |
 Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese, milk-based desserts, soymilk) | Observational data from 5 nested case-control studies | 1336 | LC-MS | Blood serum | Myristoyl-sphingomyelin SM(d18:1/14:0) | [59] |
GC-MS | Galactonate | |||||
Cheese | ||||||
 Cheese (yellow, hard cheese from cow’s milk, ‘Samsø’) | Randomized, crossover intervention study (6 weeks) | 23 | UPLC-QTOF/MS | Urine (24 h) | Isovalerylglutamic acid | [76] |
Isovalerylglycine | ||||||
Tiglylglycine | ||||||
Isobutyrylglycine | ||||||
Butter | ||||||
 Butter | Nested case-control study/FFQ | 502 (255 cases: incident colorectal cancer) | UPLC-MS | Blood serum | Methyl palmitate | [67] |
GC-MS | ||||||
Whey protein | ||||||
 Whey isolate | Randomized, blinded, crossover meal study/acute study (8 h) | 11 | LC-QTOF/MS | Blood plasma | γ-glutamyl-leucine, γ-glutamyl-valine, γ-glutamyl-methionine, Tryptophan | [98] |
 Whey hydrolysate | Randomized, blinded, cross-over meal study/acute study (8 h) | 11 | BXY80615LC-QTOF/MS | Blood plasma | cyclic dipeptides (Pro-Thr, Phe-Val, Ile-Val, Leu-Val, Ala-Ile) and other AA metabolites (β-Asp-Leu, pGlu-Pro, pGlu-Leu, pGlu-Val), | [101] |
 Whey isolate | Blood plasma | γ-glutamyl-leucine | [101] | |||