Table 2 List of non-retained compounds for pome fruit

Apple

Dihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone,

dihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone sulfate

PHUB001060 -

HMDB0029185

-

Urine

Non-specific flavanol metabolite, common for many fruits and vegetables, too variable background

[17, 28]

Apple

D-(-)-quinic acid

PHUB000633

HMDB0003072

Ileostomy fluid, plasma, urine

Non-specific, common for many fruits,

[18, 40, 43, 46, 95]

Apple

p-Coumaric acid, hydroxycinnamic acid,

methyl caffeic acid,

methyl p-coumarate

PHUB000590

PHUB000588

-

PHUB001887

HMDB0030677,

-

-

-

Ileostomy fluid, plasma, urine

Non-specific, common for many fruits,

[18, 40, 43, 46, 95]

Apple

1-Caffeoylquinic acid,

3-caffeoylquinic acid,

4-caffeoylquinic acid,

5-caffeoylquinic acid,

3-p-coumaroylquinic acid,

4-p-coumaroylquinic acid,

5-p-coumaroylquinic acid,

PHUB000514

PHUB000530 PHUB000537

PHUB000585 PHUB000534

PHUB000545

PHUB000558

HMDB0030652,

HMDB0003164

HMDB0040690,

HMDB0030653,

HMDB0029681,

-

-

Ileostomy fluid

Non-specific, common for many fruits and vegetables, lack in plasma and urine

[46, 95]

Apple

Catechin,

epicatechin,

(epi)catechin-O-sulfate, oligomeric procyanidins, procyanidin B2,

procyanidin B5

PHUB000261

PHUB001241

PHUB001040

-

PHUB000277

PHUB000280

HMDB0002780,

HMDB0001871,

HMDB0012467

-

HMDB0033973,

HMDB0038366

Ileostomy fluid, plasma, urine

Non-specific, common for many fruits

[17, 20, 21, 46, 95]

Apple

Quercetin,

kaempferol,

isorhamnetin,

quercetin 3-O-arabinoside,

quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside,

quercetin 3-O-glucoside,

quercetin 3-O-galactoside,

quercetin 3-O-xyloside

PHUB000702

PHUB000672

PHUB000662

PHUB000654

PHUB001763

PHUB000661

PHUB001454

PHUB000716

HMDB0005794,

HMDB0005801,

HMDB0002655,

HMDB0033795,

HMDB0033751,

HMDB0037362,

HMDB0030775,

HMDB0037927,

Ileostomy fluid, urine

Non-specific, common for many fruits. Glycosides expected only in ileostomy fluid

[40, 41, 46, 48, 95]

Apples and pears

Threitol

–

HMDB0004136

Plasma

Alcohol-sugar present in many fruit and fermented foods

[18]

Apples and pears

Indolepropionate

–

HMDB0002302

Plasma

Microbial metabolite of tryptophan

[18]

Apples and pears

3-Phenylpropionate

PHUB001078

HMDB0000764

Plasma

Non-specific microbial metabolite of polyphenols

[18]

Pear

Sugars: xylose,

fructose,

ribitol,

mannitol,

sorbitol,

arabitol,

xylitol

–

HMDB00098;

HMDB00660; HMDB00508;

HMDB00765; HMDB00247;

HMDB00568;

HMDB02917

Plasma

Non-specific sugars and alcohol sugars; found in many fruits and other foods

[64]

Pear

Eugenol sulfate

PHUB001888

–

Plasma

Metabolite of eugenol present in several fruits. Non-specific metabolite

[64]

Pear

2-Isopropylmalate

–

HMDB00402

Plasma

Non-specific, scarce information on kinetics and dose-response

[64]

Pear

Vanillic alcohol sulfate

–

–

Plasma

Metabolite of vanillic acid, which is found in fruit; scarce information on kinetics and dose-response

[64]

Pear

3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionate;

4-hydroxyhippurate;

hippuric acid

PHUB001177

PHUB001334

PHUB001174

HMDB02199;

HMDB13678;

HMDB00714

Plasma

Metabolites of phenolic acids and other polyphenols; scarce information on kinetics and dose-response

[64]

Pear

4-Allylphenol sulfate

PHUB001891

–

Plasma

Metabolite of 4-allyphenol found in essential oils and several fruits. Non-specific compound

[64]