Discovery sample (n=24) | Replication sample (n=153) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case group (n=12) Diet GI decrease | Control group (n=12) Diet GI increase | P | ||
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Diet GI | ||||
Baseline | 67.6(60.9, 73.9) | 51.2(38.5, 57.8) | <0.001 | 64.0±10.3 |
Middle gestation | 68.7(56.7, 71.8) | 66.0(59.0, 68.1) | 0.538 | 62.1±10.9 |
Late gestation | 42.8(38.9, 47.6) | 73.5(60.9, 76.2) | <0.001 | 62.8±10.7 |
Change of GIa | -24.3(-26.2,-20.1) | 19.6(15.2, 29.1) | <0.001 | -1.1±13.2 |
Change of GLa | -68.8(-114.4, -16.1) | 12.8(-55.3, 64.4) | 0.024 | -11.1(-57.1,36.2) |
First antenatal visit | ||||
Maternal age, year | 30.2±3.0 | 30.9±4.5 | 0.638 | 29.4±3.7 |
Gestational week, week | 12.9±1.2 | 12.4±1.5 | 0.378 | 12.6±1.7 |
Height, cm | 164.3±5.9 | 163.8±5.8 | 0.850 | 163.1±6.1 |
Weight, kg | 78.6±10.5 | 76.3±9.9 | 0.584 | 76.0±8.7 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.1±3.0 | 28.4±3.3 | 0.624 | 28.5±2.8 |
SBP, mmHg | 122.9±6.7 | 126.8±19.7 | 0.521 | 122.4±14.7 |
DBP, mmHg | 78.8±6.6 | 76.2±10.4 | 0.477 | 73.9±13.3 |
FPG, mmol/L | 4.7±0.4 | 4.7±0.6 | 0.952 | 4.6±0.5 |
Insulin, uU/mL | 8.3(5.7, 16.5) | 7.8(6.7,12.0) | 0.768 | 8.6(5.8,13.6) |
HOMA-IR | 1.8(1.1,3.5) | 1.6(1.2,2.3) | 0.573 | 1.9(1.1,2.9) |
HbAlc, % | 5.2±0.3 | 5.5±0.4 | 0.129 | 5.3±0.4 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.9±1.0 | 2.2±1.0 | 0.500 | 1.7±0.8 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.9±0.8 | 4.6±0.7 | 0.307 | 4.8±0.7 |
Maternal outcomes | ||||
Gestational week, week | 39.9±0.9 | 39.5±1.5 | 0.510 | 39.8±1.4 |
Weight, kg | 89.4±11.8 | 85.2±10.8 | 0.380 | 86.0±10.1 |
GWG, kg | 10.8±3.5 | 9.0±8.3 | 0.492 | 10.1±5.2 |
Insulin, uU/mL | 8.9(7.1,9.0) | 11.5(8.5,11.7) | 0.566 | 10.3(6.7,13.1) |
HbAlc, % | 5.1±0.5 | 5.4±0.6 | 0.400 | 5.3±0.4 |
GDM, n (%) | 4(33.3) | 6(50.0) | 0.408 | 33(31.4) |
Gestational hypertension, n (%) | 4(33.3) | 2(16.7) | 0.640 | 24(21.2) |
Neonatal outcomes | ||||
Cord blood C peptide, ng/mL | 0.7±0.4 | 0.9±0.5 | 0.289 | 0.9±0.8 |
Birth weight, g | 3754.6±597.6 | 3327.1±456.8 | 0.062 | 3476.1±541.5 |
Low birth weight, n (%) | 0(0) | 1(8.3) | 1.000 | 3(2.7) |
Macrosomia, n (%) | 3(25.0) | 2(16.7) | 0.615 | 15(13.3) |
Length, cm | 50.4±0.9 | 49.8±1.1 | 0.110 | 50.1±1.0 |
Preterm, n (%) | 0(0) | 1(8.3) | 1.000 | 3(2.7) |