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Table 1 Characteristics of the study populations

From: Maternal dietary glycaemic change during gestation influences insulin-related gene methylation in the placental tissue: a genome-wide methylation analysis

 

Discovery sample (n=24)

Replication sample (n=153)

Case group (n=12)

Diet GI decrease

Control group (n=12)

Diet GI increase

P

Maternal characteristics

 Diet GI

  Baseline

67.6(60.9, 73.9)

51.2(38.5, 57.8)

<0.001

64.0±10.3

  Middle gestation

68.7(56.7, 71.8)

66.0(59.0, 68.1)

0.538

62.1±10.9

  Late gestation

42.8(38.9, 47.6)

73.5(60.9, 76.2)

<0.001

62.8±10.7

  Change of GIa

-24.3(-26.2,-20.1)

19.6(15.2, 29.1)

<0.001

-1.1±13.2

  Change of GLa

-68.8(-114.4, -16.1)

12.8(-55.3, 64.4)

0.024

-11.1(-57.1,36.2)

 First antenatal visit

  Maternal age, year

30.2±3.0

30.9±4.5

0.638

29.4±3.7

  Gestational week, week

12.9±1.2

12.4±1.5

0.378

12.6±1.7

  Height, cm

164.3±5.9

163.8±5.8

0.850

163.1±6.1

  Weight, kg

78.6±10.5

76.3±9.9

0.584

76.0±8.7

  BMI, kg/m2

29.1±3.0

28.4±3.3

0.624

28.5±2.8

  SBP, mmHg

122.9±6.7

126.8±19.7

0.521

122.4±14.7

  DBP, mmHg

78.8±6.6

76.2±10.4

0.477

73.9±13.3

  FPG, mmol/L

4.7±0.4

4.7±0.6

0.952

4.6±0.5

  Insulin, uU/mL

8.3(5.7, 16.5)

7.8(6.7,12.0)

0.768

8.6(5.8,13.6)

  HOMA-IR

1.8(1.1,3.5)

1.6(1.2,2.3)

0.573

1.9(1.1,2.9)

  HbAlc, %

5.2±0.3

5.5±0.4

0.129

5.3±0.4

  Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.9±1.0

2.2±1.0

0.500

1.7±0.8

  Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.9±0.8

4.6±0.7

0.307

4.8±0.7

 Maternal outcomes

  Gestational week, week

39.9±0.9

39.5±1.5

0.510

39.8±1.4

  Weight, kg

89.4±11.8

85.2±10.8

0.380

86.0±10.1

  GWG, kg

10.8±3.5

9.0±8.3

0.492

10.1±5.2

  Insulin, uU/mL

8.9(7.1,9.0)

11.5(8.5,11.7)

0.566

10.3(6.7,13.1)

  HbAlc, %

5.1±0.5

5.4±0.6

0.400

5.3±0.4

  GDM, n (%)

4(33.3)

6(50.0)

0.408

33(31.4)

  Gestational hypertension, n (%)

4(33.3)

2(16.7)

0.640

24(21.2)

 Neonatal outcomes

  Cord blood C peptide, ng/mL

0.7±0.4

0.9±0.5

0.289

0.9±0.8

  Birth weight, g

3754.6±597.6

3327.1±456.8

0.062

3476.1±541.5

   Low birth weight, n (%)

0(0)

1(8.3)

1.000

3(2.7)

   Macrosomia, n (%)

3(25.0)

2(16.7)

0.615

15(13.3)

  Length, cm

50.4±0.9

49.8±1.1

0.110

50.1±1.0

  Preterm, n (%)

0(0)

1(8.3)

1.000

3(2.7)

  1. GI glycemic index, GL glycemic load, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, GWG gestational weight gain, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
  2. aChange of GI and GL were calculated as values at baseline minus values at late gestation