Table 3 Summary of the selected candidate BFIs of herbs and spices and their assessment relative to the nine validation criteria/questions described in [33]
From: Herbs and Spices- Biomarkers of Intake Based on Human Intervention Studies – A Systematic Review
Food item | Metabolites | Biofluid locations | Questions* 1 2 3a 3b 4 5 6 7 8 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anise | Anethole | Serum | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N |
4-methoxyhippuric acid1 | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | N | N | |
4-methoxybenzoic acid1 | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | N | N | |
Basil | Estragole | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N |
Estragole | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N | |
trans-anethole | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
trans-anethole | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
para-Anisaldehyde | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N | |
para-Anisaldehyde | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N | |
Capsicum (chili pepper) | Capsaicin | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | U | N |
Capsicum (CH-19 sweet non-pungent red pepper) | Capsiate | Plasma | Y | U | N | U | U | U | U | N | N |
Dihydrocapsiate | Y | U | N | U | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Nordihydrocapsiate | Y | U | N | U | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Vanillyl alcohol | N | U | N | U | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Capsicum (paprika carotenoids) | β-Cryptoxanthin | Plasma and erythrocy-tes | N | Y | N | Y | U | N | U | N | N |
Cucurbitaxanthin A | Y | Y | N | Y | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Lutein | N | Y | N | Y | U | N | U | N | N | ||
Zeaxanthin | N | Y | N | Y | U | N | U | N | N | ||
Capsanthin | Y | Y | N | Y | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Capsanthone | Y | Y | N | Y | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Cryptocapsin | Y | Y | N | Y | U | U | U | N | N | ||
Cinnamon | 7-hydroxycoumarin | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | N |
7-hydroxycoumarin | Urine | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | N | |
Fennel | trans-Anethole | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N |
trans-Anethole | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
1′-hydroxyestragole-G | Plasma | N | Y | N | U | U | U | U | Y | N | |
1′-hydroxyestragole | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
1′-hydroxyestragole-G | Urine | N | N | N | U | U | U | U | Y | N | |
p-Allylphenol-G | Plasma | N | N | N | U | U | U | U | Y | N | |
p-Allylphenol-G | Urine | N | N | N | U | U | U | U | Y | N | |
Estragole | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N | |
Estragole | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N | |
para-Anisaldehyde | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
para-Anisaldehyde | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
Ginger | 10-Gingerol | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N |
6-Shogaol | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
6-Gingerol -G | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
8-Gingerol-G | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
10-Gingerol-G | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
6-Shogaol-G | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
6-Gingerol-S | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
8-Gingerol-S | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
10-Gingerol-S | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
6-Shogaol-S | Y | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
Marjoram (Origanum onites) | p-hydroxybenzoic acid | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N |
Vanillic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
Ferulic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
Protocatechuic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
Syringic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
Caffeic acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
p-coumaric acid | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | ||
Nutmeg | O-demethyl elemicin | Urine | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | U | N | N |
O-demethyl dihydroxy elemicin | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | U | N | N | ||
Demethylenyl myristicin | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | U | N | N | ||
Dihydroxy myristicin | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | U | N | N | ||
Demethylenyl safrole | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | U | N | N | ||
Parsley | Apigenin | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | U | N |
Apigenin | Red cells | N | N | Y | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Apigenin | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
Peppermint (capsule, oral admin.) | Menthol glucuronide | Urine | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N |
Peppermint (intragastric spray) | Menthol | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | N |
Menthol glucuronide | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
M7 | Plasma | U | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
M9 | Plasma | U | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
M11 | Plasma | U | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
M29 | Plasma | U | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
M2–16, M18–21, M24, M29–31 | Urine | U | U | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N | |
Saffron | Crocetin | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | N |
Sage | 1,8 cineole | Plasma | N | Y | U | U | U | U | N | Y | N |
1,8 cineole | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
2-OH-1,8-cineole | Plasma | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
2-OH-1,8-cineole | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
3-OH-1,8-cineole | Plasma | N | N | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
3-OH-1,8-cineole | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
7-OH-1,8-cineole | Plasma | N | N | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
7-OH-1,8-cineole | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
9-OH-1,8-cineole | Plasma | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
9-OH-1,8-cineole | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | U | N | Y | N | |
Tarragon | Estragole | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N |
Estragole | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | N | U | Y | N | |
trans-anethole | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
trans-anethole | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
para-Anisaldehyde | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
para-Anisaldehyde | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | U | Y | N | |
Thyme | Thymol-S | Plasma | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N |
Thymol-S | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
Thymol-G | Urine | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
Caffeic acid-S | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
OH-phenylpropionic acid-S | Plasma | N | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
OH-phenylpropionic acid-S | Urine | N | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
p-cymene-diol-G | Plasma | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
p-cymene-diol-G | Urine | Y | Y | N | U | U | Y | Y | Y | N | |
Carvacrol | Feces | N | N | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid | Feces | U | N | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
3-(3′-4′-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid | Feces | U | N | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
OH-phenylpropionic acid | Feces | Y | N | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
3-phenylpropionic acid | Feces | U | N | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Turmeric (curcuminoids in capsule, or nanoemulsion) | Curcumin | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | Y |
Curcumin | Serum | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | N | N | |
Curcumin | Urine | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Curcumin | Feces | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Curcumin | Colon | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | N | |
DMC | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | |
DMC | Urine | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
DMC | Colon | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
DMC-G | Plasma | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
DMC-G | Urine | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
DMC-S | Plasma | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
BDMC | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | |
BDMC | Urine | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
BDMC | Colon | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
THC | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | |
COG | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | Y | |
COG | Urine | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
COG | Colon | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
COS | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | |
COS | Urine | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
COS | Colon | Y | Y | U | Y | U | U | U | U | N | |
COS | Feces | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Hexahydrocurcumin | Liver | Y | Y | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Hexahydrocurcuminol | Liver | Y | Y | N | U | U | U | Y | U | N | |
Ferulic acid | Plasma | N | N | N | U | Y | U | N | N | N | |
Vanillic acid | Plasma | N | N | N | U | Y | U | N | N | N | |
Turmeric (Theracurmin1) | Curcumin | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | U | U | N |
Turmeric-fresh curcuminoids (capsule) | Curcumin | Plasma | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | Y | U | N |
DMC | Plasma | Y | Y | N | U | U | U | U | U | N | |
BDMC | Plasma | Y | Y | N | U | U | U | U | U | N | |