Fig. 1

Timeline of the cell culture process. L6 cells were cultured in AA starvation media with low amino acid concentrations (0.14 mM) at the start of experiments. Cell culture media were replaced after 24 h, and cells were incubated in “refeeding media” for 18 h. AA refeeding medium is comparable to DMEM except for modified amino acid concentrations. An asterisk denotes DMEM = Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, high glucose (contains 9 mM AA and 4.5 g/L glucose). FBS = fetal bovine serum