Table 2 Overview of the selected studies on bulb-and stem vegetables
From: Food intake biomarkers for green leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, and stem vegetables: a review
Dietary factor | Intervention | Dose of intervention | Study design | n | Analytical method | Sample type | Candidate biomarkers of food intake | Primary reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asparagus | Freshly boiled Asparagus | 100 g | Acute intervention (single dose intervention) | 8 | GC-MS | Urine | S-methyl-thioacrylate S-methyl-3- (methylthio)-thiopropionate Dimethyl trisulfide Tetrahydrothiophene | [65] |
Asparagus | 500 g | Acute intervention (single dose intervention) Repetition three months later | 8 3 | GC-MS | Urine (overnight collection after asparagus dinner) | Methanethiol, Dimethyl sulphide Dimethyl disulphide Bis-(methylthio)methane Dimethyl sulphoxide Dimethyl sulphone | [66] | |
Artichoke | Steam cooked artichoke | 61.7 g with 5.5 g olive oil | Acute intervention (single dose intervention) | 5 | HPLC-Coularray | Plasma (7 consecutive samples during 8 h) | Hydroxycinnamic acid Dicaffeoylquinic acid | [67] |
Artichoke capsules | 320 mg extracts | Acute intervention (3 doses during 8 hours, 0, 4 and 8 hours) | 10 | HPLC | Urine (24 h urine vs. baseline) | Ferulic acid Isoferulic acid Dihydroferulic acid Vanilic acid | [68] | |
Artichoke leaf extract (ALE) | 2 different high-dose artichoke leaf extracts – (ALE): ALE A 2.4 g and ALE B 0.625 g | Acute intervention (2 different doses, cross-over, separated by 10 days wash out | 14 | HPLC | Blood and urine (13 blood samples over 12 h, 1 urine sample after 24 h) | Caffeoylquninic acid Dihydroferulic acid Ferulic acid Dihydrocaffeic acid | [69] | |
Celery | Celery leaves | 2 g/kg body weight | Controlled acute Study (single dose intervention) | 20 | HPLC | Plasma (9 samples over 28 h | Apigenin | [70] |