Table 1 General characteristics of study participants at baseline according to the absence or presence of metabolic syndrome in Korean men and women
Total (n = 3266) | Men (n = 1726) | Women (n = 1540) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-MetS (n = 1682) | MetS (n = 1584) | p value1 | Non-MetS (n = 912) | MetS (n = 814) | p value1 | Non-MetS (n = 770) | MetS (n = 770) | p value1 | |
Age (years) | 49.1 ± 8.1 | 50.8 ± 8.2 | < 0.001 | 50.5 ± 8.5 | 50.2 ± 8.0 | 0.480 | 47.5 ± 7.2 | 51.5 ± 8.3 | < 0.001 |
Residential area (n, %) | < 0.001 | 0.017 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Ansan | 521 (31.0) | 733 (46.3) | 308 (33.8) | 320 (39.3) | 213 (27.7) | 413 (53.6) | |||
Ansung | 1161 (69.0) | 851 (53.7) | 604 (66.2) | 494 (60.7) | 557 (72.3) | 357 (46.4) | |||
Educational level (n, %) | < 0.001 | 0.618 | < 0.001 | ||||||
≤ 6 years | 323 (19.2) | 428 (27.0) | 142 (15.6) | 125 (15.4) | 181 (23.5) | 303 (39.4) | |||
≤ 7 to ≤ 12 years | 1049 (62.4) | 924 (58.3) | 541 (59.3) | 500 (61.4) | 508 (66.0) | 424 (55.1) | |||
> 12 years | 310 (18.4) | 232 (14.6) | 229 (25.1) | 189 (23.2) | 81 (10.5) | 43 (5.6) | |||
Household income (n, %) | < 0.001 | 0.388 | < 0.001 | ||||||
< 1 million | 372 (22.1) | 463 (29.2) | 212 (23.2) | 170 (20.9) | 160 (20.8) | 293 (38.1) | |||
≤ 1 to < 2 million | 507 (30.1) | 498 (31.4) | 267 (29.3) | 262 (32.2) | 240 (31.2) | 236 (30.6) | |||
≤ 2 to < 3 million | 397 (23.6) | 296 (18.7) | 209 (22.9) | 173 (21.3) | 188 (24.4) | 123 (16.0) | |||
≥ 3 million | 406 (24.1) | 327 (20.6) | 224 (24.6) | 209 (25.7) | 182 (23.6) | 118 (15.3) | |||
Smoking status (n, %) | 0.042 | 0.001 | 0.313 | ||||||
Never | 967 (57.5) | 889 (56.1) | 217 (23.8) | 147 (18.1) | 750 (97.4) | 742 (96.4) | |||
Past | 308 (18.3) | 256 (16.2) | 302 (33.1) | 251 (30.8) | 6 (0.8) | 5 (0.6) | |||
Current | 407 (24.2) | 439 (27.7) | 393 (43.1) | 416 (51.1) | 14 (1.8) | 23 (3.0) | |||
Drinking status (n, %) | 0.852 | 0.567 | 0.166 | ||||||
Never | 698 (41.3) | 642 (40.5) | 176 (19.3) | 142 (17.4) | 519 (67.4) | 500 (64.9) | |||
Past | 92 (5.5) | 92 (5.8) | 78 (8.6) | 67 (8.2) | 14 (1.8) | 25 (3.2) | |||
Current | 895 (53.2) | 850 (53.7) | 658 (72.1) | 605 (74.3) | 237 (30.8) | 245 (31.8) | |||
Physical activity (MET-h/day) | 22.6 ± 13.7 | 24.3 ± 14.8 | 0.001 | 23.7 ± 14.3 | 24.5 ± 14.9 | 0.243 | 21.4 ± 12.8 | 24.0 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 2.6 | 24.6 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 | 22.8 ± 2.5 | 24.6 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 | 23.1 ± 2.7 | 24.6 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 76.7 ± 7.2 | 82.1 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 | 78.8 ± 6.2 | 84.2 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 | 74.2 ± 7.6 | 80.0 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 111.5 ± 14.2 | 119.2 ± 16.0 | < 0.001 | 114.5 ± 13.8 | 121.0 ± 16.0 | < 0.001 | 108.0 ± 13.8 | 117.3 ± 15.8 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.4 ± 9.7 | 79.7 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 | 77.0 ± 9.5 | 81.8 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 | 71.4 ± 9.0 | 77.4 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 82.6 ± 11.9 | 86.6 ± 17.6 | < 0.001 | 85.0 ± 13.9 | 90.1 ± 20.6 | < 0.001 | 79.7 ± 8.0 | 82.9 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 116.6 ± 52.1 | 148.6 ± 95.6 | < 0.001 | 126.6 ± 56.2 | 173.8 ± 114.2 | < 0.001 | 104.7 ± 43.9 | 121.9 ± 60.5 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.5 ± 10.2 | 44.9 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 | 48.0 ± 9.9 | 43.0 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 | 51.2 ± 10.4 | 46.8 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 |
Nutrient intake | |||||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 1930.3 ± 559.5 | 1946.0 ± 585.6 | 0.434 | 1988.3 ± 544.0 | 2010.5 ± 554.0 | 0.400 | 1861.6 ± 570.2 | 1877.7 ± 610.3 | 0.594 |
Protein (g/day) | 66.7 ± 24.3 | 66.6 ± 25.1 | 0.892 | 68.5 ± 23.9 | 69.9 ± 24.0 | 0.245 | 64.6 ± 24.7 | 63.1 ± 25.7 | 0.264 |
Fat (g/day) | 34.0 ± 17.5 | 32.8 ± 17.9 | 0.050 | 35.9 ± 18.1 | 36.2 ± 17.6 | 0.755 | 31.8 ± 16.6 | 29.2 ± 17.5 | 0.003 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 334.4 ± 92.7 | 341.1 ± 101.4 | 0.050 | 342.0 ± 88.4 | 345.7 ± 94.2 | 0.403 | 325.5 ± 96.8 | 336.3 ± 108.3 | 0.040 |
Fiber (g/day) | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 7.0 ± 3.2 | 0.059 | 6.6 ± 2.9 | 6.9 ± 3.1 | 0.112 | 6.9 ± 3.24 | 7.1 ± 3.3 | 0.317 |