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Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of GDM and non-GDM women

From: Interactions of CDKAL1 rs7747752 polymorphism and serum levels of L-carnitine and choline are related to increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

Characteristic

Non-GDM (n = 207)

GDM (n = 207)

P

mean ± SD/n (percentages)

mean ± SD/n (percentages)

Variables at registration

 Age, years

29.23±3.34

29.25±2.74

0.480*

 Height, cm

162.98±4.54

163.25±5.04

0.509*

 Weight, kg

58.58±9.78

63.87±10.54

<0.001*

 BMI, kg/m2

22.04±3.46

23.95±3.66

<0.001*

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

104.21±10.60

108.21±10.54

<0.001*

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

67.91±7.66

70.72±7.93

<0.001*

 Han ethnicity

200 (96.62)

202 (97.58)

0.564**

 Education > 12 years

113 (54.59)

109 (52.66)

0.683**

 Parity ≥ 1

10 (4.83)

13 (6.28)

0.532**

 Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives

13 (6.28)

26 (12.56)

0.033**

 Current smoker before pregnancy

13 (6.28)

14 (6.76)

0.841**

 Alcohol drinker before pregnancy

52 (25.12)

63 (30.43)

0.564**

 Gestational age, weeks

10.11±2.07

10.12±2.12

0.956*

Variables during pregnancy

 Current smoker during pregnancy

1 (0.48)

2 (0.97)

0.564**

 Alcohol drinker during pregnancy

2 (0.97)

2 (0.97)

1.000**

 Gestational weeks at GCT, weeks

25.16±2.28

24.95±1.44

0.033**

 Weight gain to GCT, kg/week

0.58±0.21

0.56±0.23

0.532**

Metabolites

 Betaine ≤ 200 nmol/mL

16 (7.73)

64 (30.92)

<0.001**

 L-carnitine ≤ 150 nmol/mL

40 (19.32)

143 (69.08)

<0.001**

 Choline

  

<0.001**

 ≤ 110 nmol/mL

45 (21.74)

100 (48.31)

 

 > 110 to ≤ 270 nmol/mL

148 (71.50)

89 (43.00)

 

 > 270 nmol/mL

14 (6.76)

18 (8.70)

 

Genetic variants

 rs7747752(C/G)

  

0.003**

 GG

64 (30.92)

43 (20.77)

 

 CG

101 (48.79)

103 (49.76)

 

 CC

42 (20.29)

61 (29.47)

 
  1. Abbreviations: GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, GCT glucose challenge test
  2. *Derived from paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test
  3. **Derived from the McNemar test or Fisher’s exact test