Characteristic | Non-GDM (n = 207) | GDM (n = 207) | P |
---|---|---|---|
mean ± SD/n (percentages) | mean ± SD/n (percentages) | ||
Variables at registration | |||
 Age, years | 29.23±3.34 | 29.25±2.74 | 0.480* |
 Height, cm | 162.98±4.54 | 163.25±5.04 | 0.509* |
 Weight, kg | 58.58±9.78 | 63.87±10.54 | <0.001* |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 22.04±3.46 | 23.95±3.66 | <0.001* |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 104.21±10.60 | 108.21±10.54 | <0.001* |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 67.91±7.66 | 70.72±7.93 | <0.001* |
 Han ethnicity | 200 (96.62) | 202 (97.58) | 0.564** |
 Education > 12 years | 113 (54.59) | 109 (52.66) | 0.683** |
 Parity ≥ 1 | 10 (4.83) | 13 (6.28) | 0.532** |
 Family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives | 13 (6.28) | 26 (12.56) | 0.033** |
 Current smoker before pregnancy | 13 (6.28) | 14 (6.76) | 0.841** |
 Alcohol drinker before pregnancy | 52 (25.12) | 63 (30.43) | 0.564** |
 Gestational age, weeks | 10.11±2.07 | 10.12±2.12 | 0.956* |
Variables during pregnancy | |||
 Current smoker during pregnancy | 1 (0.48) | 2 (0.97) | 0.564** |
 Alcohol drinker during pregnancy | 2 (0.97) | 2 (0.97) | 1.000** |
 Gestational weeks at GCT, weeks | 25.16±2.28 | 24.95±1.44 | 0.033** |
 Weight gain to GCT, kg/week | 0.58±0.21 | 0.56±0.23 | 0.532** |
Metabolites | |||
 Betaine ≤ 200 nmol/mL | 16 (7.73) | 64 (30.92) | <0.001** |
 L-carnitine ≤ 150 nmol/mL | 40 (19.32) | 143 (69.08) | <0.001** |
 Choline |  |  | <0.001** |
 ≤ 110 nmol/mL | 45 (21.74) | 100 (48.31) |  |
 > 110 to ≤ 270 nmol/mL | 148 (71.50) | 89 (43.00) |  |
 > 270 nmol/mL | 14 (6.76) | 18 (8.70) |  |
Genetic variants | |||
 rs7747752(C/G) |  |  | 0.003** |
 GG | 64 (30.92) | 43 (20.77) |  |
 CG | 101 (48.79) | 103 (49.76) |  |
 CC | 42 (20.29) | 61 (29.47) |  |