Table 1 Grouping of food items into food groups used in regression analyses
Food group | Food items |
|---|---|
Vegetables | Carrot, rutabaga, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, onion, lettuce, cucumber, squash, tomato, bell pepper, spinach, peas, beans, mushroom, canned vegetables, pickled vegetables, vegetable dishes, and vegetarian products |
Nuts and seeds | Salted and unsalted nuts, seeds |
Rice | Rice |
Pasta | Pasta and pasta dishes |
Potato | Boiled, pan fried, fried, and mashed potatoes, potato gratin, potato salad |
Whole grain | Whole grain (> 50%) bread, crisp bread, grains, oatmeal, unsweetened cereals, porridge |
Refined grain | White bread, bread with < 50% whole grain flour, sweetened cereals, tortillas, buns, cookies, cakes |
Fruits | Citrus fruit, apple, pear, other fresh fruits and berries, fruit dishes and products, dried fruits |
Poultry | Poultry and poultry sausages |
Red meat | Beef, game, sheep |
Processed meat | Salted, cured and canned meat, minced meat, sausages, ham, liver pâté, other meat products |
Total fish and shellfish | Cod, pollock, salmon, trout, herring, mackerel, shellfish, sushi, fish spreads, fish products, breaded fish, other fish |
Lean fish | Cod, pollock, breaded fish, fish products |
Fatty fish | Salmon, trout, herring, mackerel |
Total dairy | Milk, yoghurt, flavored milk, fermented milk, quark, skyr, cream and sour cream, milk and cream products, ice cream, cheese, low-fat cheese, whey cheese, butter |
Low-fat dairy | Milk, yoghurt, flavored milk, fermented milk, quark, skyr, low-fat cheese (< 20% fat), low fat whey cheese |
High-fat dairy | Cream, sour cream, ice cream, Cheese (> 20% fat), whey cheese, butter |
Fermented dairy | Yoghurt, fermented milk, quark, skyr, cheese |
Non-fermented dairy | Milk, flavored milk, ice cream, milk and cream products, whey cheese, butter |
Oil and oil products | Vegetable oils, mayonnaise, salad dressings, mayonnaise based salads |
Margarine | Margarine and low-fat margarine |
Coffee | Coffee |
Tea | Tea |
ASB | Artificially sweetened soda, lemonade and energy drinks |
Alcoholic beverages | Beer, wine, spirits |
Sweets | Jam, marmalade, juice, sugar, honey, syrup, sweet bread spreads, chocolate, candy, desserts, popsicle, SSB, potato chips, other snacks |
Egg | Egg, omelet, scrambled eggs |