From: Biomarkers of moderate alcohol intake and alcoholic beverages: a systematic literature review
Food item | Metabolites | Biofluid locations | Questionsb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||
Alcohol | Ethanol | Breath/blood/urine | Y | Y | Y | Yc | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Methanol | Blood | Y | Yd | Y | N | Nd | Y | Y | U | |
Acetaldehyde | Blood/urine | Y | U | U | Uc | U | U | U | U | |
Ethyl glucuronide | Blood/urine | Y | Yd | Y | Yc | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Hair | Y | Yd | U | Nc | Y | Y | Y | U | ||
Ethyl sulfate | Blood/urine | Y | Yd | Y | Yc | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Hair | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | ||
Fatty acid ethyl esters | Blood | Y | Yd | Y | Yc | Y | N | Y | Y | |
Hair | Y | Yd | N | N | Y | U | U | U | ||
Phosphatidylethanols | Blood/erythrocytes | Y | Yd | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | N | |
Beer | Iso-α-acids (IAAs) | Blood/urine | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y |
IAAs + reduced IAAs | Blood/urine | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | |
Isoxanthohumol | Urine | Y | Y/Ne | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Hordenine and its metabolites | Blood/urine | Y | U | Y | U | Y | U | Y | Y | |
Combined markerf | Urine | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | U | U | U | |
Humulinone | Urine | Y | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | |
Wine | Resveratrol and conjugated metabolites | Blood/urine/LDL | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Tartaric acid | Urine | Yg | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Aniseed spirit | Anethole | Blood | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U |
Peppermint liquor | Menthone | Blood | Y | Y | Y | U | N | U | Y | U |
Isomenthone | Blood | Y | Y | Y | U | N | U | Y | U | |
Neomenthol | Blood | Y | Y | Y | U | N | U | Y | U | |
Menthol | Blood | Y | Y | Y | U | N | U | Y | U |