Fig. 5
From: The interactions of flavonoids within neuronal signalling pathways
Potential points of action of flavonoids within p38 pathway. p38 is activated by a variety of cellular stresses including osmotic shock, pro-inflammatory inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysacharides, UV light and growth factors. The activity of p38 is regulated by the MKK’s, MKK3 and MKK6, which in turn, are regulated by the upstream MAPKKK, MEK1/4 and ASK. Active p38 regulates the phosphorylation of the transcription factors ATF-2, Max and MEF2, which are implicated in cellular response to a variety of cellular stress, including genotoxic agents and inflammatory cytokines