Table 4 Changes from baseline in anthropometric, fasting and postprandial parameters at the end of PUFA supplementation in two different PPAR genotypes

Anthropometry

Δ Weight (kg)

0.7 (±0.4)

0.7 (±0.4)

0.4 (±0.5)

−0.1 (±0.5)

−0.2 (±0.4)

−0.1 (±0.4)

0.2 (±0.6)

0.7 (±0.2)

ns

ns

Δ BMI (kg/m²)

0.2 (±0.1)

0.2 (±0.1)

0.1 (±0.2)

0.0 (±0.2)

−0.1 (±0.1)

0.0 (±0.1)

0.1 (±0.2)

0.1 (±0.2)

ns

ns

Δ Waist (cm)

1.3 (±0.4)

1.2 (±0.4)

1.4 (±0.7)

0.0 (±0.6)

0.9 (±0.8)

1.3 (±0.5)

1.3 (±0.7)

1.3 (±0.7)

ns

ns

Δ Hip (cm)

−0.3 (±0.5)

−0.3 (±0.5)

−0.5 (±0.6)

−1.0 (±0.5)

−0.4 (±0.6)

−0.5 (±0.7)

0.0 (±0.5)

−0.5 (±0.6)

ns

ns

Δ Waist/hip ratio

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

0.0 (±0.0)

ns

ns

Fasting

Δ Plasma glucose (mg/dl)

−2.6 (±1.5)

−0.3 (±1.4)

−0.8 (±1.2)

−2.0 (±1.5)

−0.4 (±1.6)

−0.1 (±1.8)

−1.1 (±2.1)

−1.6 (±0.9)

ns

ns

Δ Serum insulin (μU/ml)

1.2 (±0.8)^a

2.1 (±0.7)^a

1.2 (±0.7)^a

0.9 (±0.7)^a

3.8 (±1.2)^b

3.3 (±1.4)^b

4.0 (±1.0)^b

3.7 (±0.9)^b

p ≤ 0.001*

ns

Δ HOMA−IR

0.3 (±0.2)^a

0.5 (±0.2)^a

0.3 (±0.2)^a

0.2 (±0.2)^a

0.9 (±0.3)^b

0.8 (±0.3)^b

0.9 (±0.3)^b

0.8 (±0.2)^b

p ≤ 0.002*

ns

Δ Triacylglycerols (mg/dl)

3.9 (±6.2)

7.7 (±7.9)

−1.1 (±7.8)

7.3 (±6.3)

12.0 (±6.2)

−2.8 (±19.5)

−5.7 (±11.6)

−1.2 (±11.4)

ns

ns

Δ Adiponectin (ng/ml)

−245 (±120)

−35 (±126)

109 (±189)

−372 (±186)

103 (±233)

44 (±329)

91 (±223)

−123 (±470)

ns

ns

Δ Plasma leptin (pg/ml)

−1,116.8 (±580)^a

−1,680.5 (±610)^a

−1,363 (±499)^a

−2,031 (±506)^a

−82 (±509)^b

58 (±650)^b

310 (±419)^b

−166 (±412)^b

p ≤ 0.000*

ns

Postprandial

Δ Glucose AUC (mg/dl)

7.7 (±8.7)

6.3 (±8.4)

−4.8 (±9.2)

7.7 (±10.2)

0.3 (±8.1)

7.3 (±13.7)

−6.8 (±11.2)

8.8 (±10.0)

ns

ns

Δ Insulin AUC (μU/ml)

9.4 (±9.8)^a

−0.2 (±6.1)^a

2.0 (±9.9)^a

6.2 (±10.4)^a

55.1 (±17.7)^b

20.6 (±15.8)^b

34.3 (±11.9)^b

65.9 (±20.0)^b

p ≤ 0.000*

ns

Δ HOMA−IR AUC

11.7 (±13.8)^a

−1.1 (±10.2)^a

−3.7 (±14.1)^a

10.1 (±16.5)^a

67.7 (±22.1)^b

29.1 (±22.3)^b

39.5 (±16.3)

86.7 (±29.4)^b

p ≤ 0.001*

ns

Δ Triacylglycerols (mg/dl)

178 (±118.0)

188 (±134.2)

4.0 (±98.1)

162.7 (±93.7)

73.0 (±152.3)

−61.1 (±119.6)

8.0 (±148.2)

121.2 (±158.4)

ns

ns

Δ Adiponectin 5 h (ng/ml)

−267 (±185)

−83 (±212.6)

−106 (±205)

−258 (±215)

332 (±320)

90 (±392)

211 (±231)

−550 (±292)

ns

ns

Δ Leptin AUC (pg/ml)

−11,718 (±4,526)^a

−14,619 (±4,573)^a

−12,289 (±4,287)^a

−17,436 (±4,297)^a

−5,654 (±4,427)^b

−2,639 (±4,944)^b

−3,367 (±2,992)^b

−2,065 (±3,255)^b

p ≤ 0.004*

ns