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Table 2 Morphological traits (a) and circulating parameters (b) in male and female offspring of control and calorie-restricted dams during lactation (CR) at weaning (21 days old) and at the age of 6 months

From: Identification of early transcriptome-based biomarkers related to lipid metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats nutritionally programmed for improved metabolic health

 

Males

Females

ANOVA

Control

CR

Control

CR

(a) Morphological traits

21 Days

 Body weight (g)

48.1 ± 2.1

37.1 ± 0.8*

45.4 ± 1.1

36.9 ± 0.5*

R

 Body length (cm)

11.5 ± 0.2

10.8 ± 0.2*

11.0 ± 0.2

10.4 ± 0.1*

R, S

 Body fat (%)

10.0 ± 0.4

8.68 ± 0.26*

10.5 ± 0.3

8.87 ± 0.19*

R

 iWAT (mg)

294 ± 35

187 ± 19*

307 ± 33

186 ± 26*

R

 rWAT (mg)

69.6 ± 9.9

40.1 ± 4.9*

50.5 ± 3.7

24.9 ± 3.2*

R

 Liver (g)

1.68 ± 0.05

1.25 ± 0.08*

1.76 ± 0.06

1.29 ± 0.03*

R

6 Months

 Body weight (g)

498 ± 19

459 ± 17

281 ± 12

249 ± 11

R, S

 Body length (cm)

24.2 ± 0.5

24.0 ± 0.3

20.8 ± 0.3

20.3 ± 0.2

S

 Body fat (%)

20.7 ± 2.2

22.1 ± 1.6

22.1 ± 2.3

14.5 ± 1.2*

RxS

 iWAT (g)

9.95 ± 1.20

10.7 ± 0.7

3.93 ± 0.37

2.14 ± 0.45*

RxS

 rWAT (g)

12.8 ± 1.7

12.4 ± 1.0

4.53 ± 0.67

2.16 ± 0.23*

RxS

 Liver (g)

16.0 ± 0.9

13.4 ± 0.6*

8.13 ± 0.47

7.35 ± 0.28

S, R

(b) Circulating parameters

21 Days

 Glucose (mg/dL)

Fed

137 ± 7

120 ± 3*

141 ± 5

116 ± 4*

R

 Insulin (ng/L)

Fed

0.111 ± 0.042

0.044 ± 0.010

0.105 ± 0.020

0.037 ± 0.004*

R

 Leptin (ng/L)

Fed

0.941 ± 0.154

0.408 ± 0.045*

1.05 ± 0.11

0.585 ± 0.162*

R

 NEFA (nM)

Fed

1.46 ± 0.13

1.50 ± 0.14

1.37 ± 0.19

1.59 ± 0.13

 

 TG (mg/mL)

Fed

1.02 ± 0.14

0.893 ± 0.130

0.938 ± 0.094

0.851 ± 0.042

 

6 Months

 Glucose (mg/dL)

Fed

108 ± 3

107 ± 6

105 ± 4

102 ± 4

 

Fasting

98 ± 8

95 ± 3#

102 ± 3

90 ± 1*,#

R (p = 0.059)

 Insulin (ng/L)

Fed

2.77 ± 0.94

1.44 ± 0.26

0.835 ± 0.102

0.459 ± 0.050*

R (p = 0.069), S

Fasting

0.920 ± 0.379#

1.06 ± 0.24#

0.558 ± 0.121#

0.287 ± 0.047#

 

 HOMA-IR

Fasting

5.37 ± 2.38

5.77 ± 1.01

3.33 ± 0.75

1.67 ± 0.32

S

 Leptin (ng/L)

Fed

15.8 ± 2.2

13.4 ± 1.1

6.07 ± 0.94

1.74 ± 0.19*

RxS

 NEFA (nM)

Fed

0.851 ± 0.152

0.910 ± 0.056

1.33 ± 0.24

0.866 ± 0.086

 

 TG (mg/mL)

Fed

1.61 ± 0.08

1.40 ± 0.19

1.02 ± 0.12

0.920 ± 0.073

S

  1. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6–8 animals/group) of male and female offspring of control and calorie-restricted dams during lactation (CR), under ad libitum feeding conditions (Fed) and after 12 h fasting (Fasting). Statistics: R, effect of maternal calorie restriction during lactation; F, effect of fasting conditions; S, effect of sex; FxR, interaction between fasting conditions and maternal calorie restriction during lactation; RxS, interaction between maternal calorie restriction during lactation and sex (p < 0.05; ANOVA repeated measures). *, CR vs Controls (p < 0.05; Student’s t test); #, fasting vs fed conditions (p < 0.05; Paired t test). iWAT inguinal white adipose tissue, rWAT retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, NEFA non-esterified fatty acid, TG triglycerides