A case–control study on the effect of metabolic gene polymorphisms, nutrition, and their interaction on the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 5 Adjusted ^aOR and 95 % CI for the risk of NAFLD—a subgroup analysis (82 cases and 198 controls)

	Cases	Controls	OR [95 % CI]	p value
Main predictors
Age	57.07 ± 15.45	45.85 ± 14.09	0.95 [0.93; 0.98]	<0.001
Alcohol consumption
Never drinkers	29 (35 %)	104 (52 %)	1
Males: <30 g/females: <20 g	47 (57 %)	90 (45 %)	0.39 [0.2; 0.77]	0.006
Sausages–red meat–grilled meat/fish^b
Low-grilled food and low–moderate fat intake	51 (62 %)	69 (35 %)	1
Moderate–high fat intake and/or high grilled food	24 (29 %)	123 (62 %)	3.25 [1.64; 6.42]	0.001
White meat
<8 times/month	43 (52 %)	63 (32 %)	1
≥8 times/month	34 (41 %)	133 (67 %)	2.37 [1.23; 4.58]	0.010
Walking–competitive sport–housework–gardening
≤1 activity	41 (50 %)	141 (71 %)	1
>1 activity/week	34 (41 %)	51 (26 %)	0.45 [0.23; 0.88]	0.02
Cycling–gymnastics
No activity	58 (71 %)	155 (78 %)	1
≥1 activity/week	17 (21 %)	41 (21 %)	0.36 [0.15; 0.85]	0.019
Additional factors
Sex
Female	30 (37 %)	63 (32 %)	1
Male	52 (63 %)	135 (68 %)	1.47 [0.69; 3.16]	0.320
Smoker
Never	31 (38 %)	108 (54 %)	1
Ever	46 (56 %)	88 (44 %)	0.61 [0.3; 1.24]	0.174
Fruit–vegetables–pulses^c
Low–moderate intake	39 (48 %)	137 (69 %)	1
High intake	38 (46 %)	56 (28 %)	0.58 [0.29; 1.15]	0.120
Eat between meals
No	58 (71 %)	123 (62 %)	1
Yes	19 (23 %)	70 (35 %)	1.16 [0.57; 2.35]	0.690

^aEstimates adjusted for age, drinking habits, additional use of salt, meat intake, and physical activity
^bSausage, red meat and grilled meat/fish (low-grilled food: ≤1 portions/month; high grilled food: >1 portions/month; low fat from sausage and red meat: <3 portions of sausages/month and ≤13 portions of red meat/month (≤4 portions/week); moderate fat intake: ≥3 portions of sausages/month or >13 portions of red meat/month (>4 portions/week); high fat intake: ≥3 portions of sausages/month and >13 portions of red meat/month (>4 portions/week))
^cFruit, vegetables and pulses (low intake: <5 portions of pulses/month and ≤9 portions of fruit/week and ≤9 portions of vegetables/week, or <5 portions of pulses/month and >9 portions of fruit/week and >9 portions of vegetables/week; moderate intake: <5 portions of pulses/month and >9 portions of fruit/week and >9 portions of vegetables/week, or ≥5 portions of pulses/month and ≤9 portions of fruit/week and ≤9 portions of vegetables/week; high intake: ≥5 portions of pulses/month and >9 portions of fruit/week and/or >9 portions of vegetables/week (or vice versa))

ISSN: 1865-3499