Fig. 1

Schematic representation of interaction of flavonoids with cell signalling pathways. As shown in figure, flavonoids activate various signalling pathways such as ERK, Akt/PKB, PI3K, and PKC to improve the cell survival. The symbol arrows show the activation, and the symbol box drawings light up and horizontal show deactivation of various signalling pathways. ERK extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PI3K phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; PKC protein kinase C; Akt/PKB protein kinase B; ARE antioxidant response element; CREB cAMP response element-binding protein; Nrf2 nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; PM plasma membrane