Biomarkers | Control fat | High fat | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | C–F | C–F–B | HF | HF–F | HF–F–B | |
B vitamin status | ||||||
Plasma folate (ng/ml) | 87.8 ± 4.8a | 16.2 ± 1.5b | 14.9 ± 0.9b | 104.9 ± 5.5c | 15.5 ± 1.7b | 15.0 ± 1.4b |
Whole blood folate (ng/ml) | 498.9 ± 42.9a | 163.5 ± 8.9b | 184.7 ± 6.8b | 507.9 ± 26.0a | 149.6 ± 9.7b | 193.3 ± 18.7b |
Plasma B12 (ng/ml) | 24.8 ± 2.3a | 15.3 ± 1.0b | 6.8 ± 0.1c | 25.6 ± 3.0a | 12.5 ± 0.5d | 6.1 ± 0.5c |
Whole blood B12 (ng/ml) | 22.5 ± 1.0a,c | 22.0 ± 0.6a,c | 7.2 ± 0.7b | 24.9 ± 1.6a | 20.5 ± 1.1c | 6.9 ± 1.0b |
Plasma homocysteine (μM) | 7.8 ± 0.4a | 18.1 ± 1.9b | 28.4 ± 3.6c | 6.7 ± 0.3a | 14.2 ± 1.0b | 45.5 ± 4.3d |
Plasma lipids | ||||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 12.7 ± 0.51a | 10.9 ± 0.61b | 12.9 ± 0.40a,b | 26.2 ± 1.92c | 26.5 ± 0.96c | 24.9 ± 1.34c |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.22 ± 0.33a | 5.51 ± 0.84a | 5.71 ± 0.92a | 9.23 ± 0.40b | 10.42 ± 0.87b | 8.86 ± 0.59b |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 9.25 ± 0.38a | 8.04 ± 0.42b | 8.90 ± 0.52a,b | 24.19 ± 1.85c | 24.79 ± 1.11c | 22.58 ± 1.06c |
Triglycerides (TG) (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.05a,c | 1.27 ± 0.08a | 2.20 ± 0.25b | 0.89 ± 0.14c,e | 1.01 ± 0.08c,d,e | 0.91 ± 0.07e |
Aorta adventitial lipids | ||||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/g lipid) | 35.1 ± 4.7a,c | 24.1 ± 2.1b | 33.0 ± 3.0a | 43.1 ± 4.6a,c | 53.4 ± 8.4c,d | 73.4 ± 9.1d |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/g lipid) | ND | ND | ND | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 4.1 |
NEFA (mmol/g lipid) | 6.9 ± 0.9a | 5.8 ± 0.8a | 7.5 ± 1.3a,b | 7.5 ± 0.8a,b | 9.1 ± 1.4a,b | 10.2 ± 1.0b |
Triglycerides (TG) (μmol/g lipid) | 919.0 ± 35.0a,b | 849.0 ± 58.7a,c | 880.6 ± 45.3a,b,c | 856.9 ± 61.6a,b,c | 1,032.7 ± 63.1b | 798.7 ± 23.1c |
SATFAs (% total fat) | 31.14 ± 1.15a,b | 30.84 ± 0.69a | 33.38 ± 0.84b | 27.84 ± 0.59c | 28.81 ± 0.46c | 33.89 ± 0.49b,d |
MUFAs (% total fat) | 47.38 ± 0.08a,b | 47.36 ± 0.44a,b | 46.11 ± 0.49a | 48.33 ± 0.67b | 48.60 ± 0.55b,c | 42.45 ± 0.69d |
PUFAs (% total fat) | 20.76 ± 1.02a,b | 21.10 ± 0.70a,b | 19.56 ± 0.84a | 22.53 ± 0.54b | 21.77 ± 0.30b,c | 22.61 ± 0.64b,d |
Aorta plaque volume (nM/mg tissue) | 0.274 ± 0.014a | 0.260 ± 0.018a | 0.261 ± 0.007a | 0.556 ± 0.024b | 0.637 ± 0.027c | 0.602 ± 0.030b,c |