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Table 1 The effect of folic acid, B vitamins and dietary fat intake on B vitamin, homocysteine and plasma and aorta adventitial lipid status in ApoE null mice

From: Nutritional B vitamin deficiency alters the expression of key proteins associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in the aorta of atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E null mice

Biomarkers

Control fat

High fat

C

C–F

C–F–B

HF

HF–F

HF–F–B

B vitamin status

Plasma folate (ng/ml)

87.8 ± 4.8a

16.2 ± 1.5b

14.9 ± 0.9b

104.9 ± 5.5c

15.5 ± 1.7b

15.0 ± 1.4b

Whole blood folate (ng/ml)

498.9 ± 42.9a

163.5 ± 8.9b

184.7 ± 6.8b

507.9 ± 26.0a

149.6 ± 9.7b

193.3 ± 18.7b

Plasma B12 (ng/ml)

24.8 ± 2.3a

15.3 ± 1.0b

6.8 ± 0.1c

25.6 ± 3.0a

12.5 ± 0.5d

6.1 ± 0.5c

Whole blood B12 (ng/ml)

22.5 ± 1.0a,c

22.0 ± 0.6a,c

7.2 ± 0.7b

24.9 ± 1.6a

20.5 ± 1.1c

6.9 ± 1.0b

Plasma homocysteine (μM)

7.8 ± 0.4a

18.1 ± 1.9b

28.4 ± 3.6c

6.7 ± 0.3a

14.2 ± 1.0b

45.5 ± 4.3d

Plasma lipids

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

12.7 ± 0.51a

10.9 ± 0.61b

12.9 ± 0.40a,b

26.2 ± 1.92c

26.5 ± 0.96c

24.9 ± 1.34c

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.22 ± 0.33a

5.51 ± 0.84a

5.71 ± 0.92a

9.23 ± 0.40b

10.42 ± 0.87b

8.86 ± 0.59b

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

9.25 ± 0.38a

8.04 ± 0.42b

8.90 ± 0.52a,b

24.19 ± 1.85c

24.79 ± 1.11c

22.58 ± 1.06c

Triglycerides (TG) (mmol/L)

1.15 ± 0.05a,c

1.27 ± 0.08a

2.20 ± 0.25b

0.89 ± 0.14c,e

1.01 ± 0.08c,d,e

0.91 ± 0.07e

Aorta adventitial lipids

Total cholesterol (mmol/g lipid)

35.1 ± 4.7a,c

24.1 ± 2.1b

33.0 ± 3.0a

43.1 ± 4.6a,c

53.4 ± 8.4c,d

73.4 ± 9.1d

HDL cholesterol (mmol/g lipid)

ND

ND

ND

1.0 ± 1.0

1.6 ± 1.4

6.1 ± 4.1

NEFA (mmol/g lipid)

6.9 ± 0.9a

5.8 ± 0.8a

7.5 ± 1.3a,b

7.5 ± 0.8a,b

9.1 ± 1.4a,b

10.2 ± 1.0b

Triglycerides (TG) (μmol/g lipid)

919.0 ± 35.0a,b

849.0 ± 58.7a,c

880.6 ± 45.3a,b,c

856.9 ± 61.6a,b,c

1,032.7 ± 63.1b

798.7 ± 23.1c

SATFAs (% total fat)

31.14 ± 1.15a,b

30.84 ± 0.69a

33.38 ± 0.84b

27.84 ± 0.59c

28.81 ± 0.46c

33.89 ± 0.49b,d

MUFAs (% total fat)

47.38 ± 0.08a,b

47.36 ± 0.44a,b

46.11 ± 0.49a

48.33 ± 0.67b

48.60 ± 0.55b,c

42.45 ± 0.69d

PUFAs (% total fat)

20.76 ± 1.02a,b

21.10 ± 0.70a,b

19.56 ± 0.84a

22.53 ± 0.54b

21.77 ± 0.30b,c

22.61 ± 0.64b,d

Aorta plaque volume (nM/mg tissue)

0.274 ± 0.014a

0.260 ± 0.018a

0.261 ± 0.007a

0.556 ± 0.024b

0.637 ± 0.027c

0.602 ± 0.030b,c

  1. These data are reproduced with the kind permission of the journals, Clinical Epigenetics (McNeil et al. 2011) and Molecular Nutrition and Food Research (McNeil et al. 2012)
  2. Mice were fed a control (C) or high-fat (HF) diet depleted of folic acid (F–) or folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 (F–B–) for 16 weeks. Values are mean ± SEM for n = 9–10 mice sampled per group. Biochemical data were analysed by two-way ANOVA for the effect of fat intake, vitamin composition and interaction between these factors. Significant differences between all groups were detected using the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc method. Data not sharing superscript letters differ by P < 0.05. B 12 vitamin B12, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MUFAs monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, SATFAs saturated fatty acids