Cyanidin and malvidin in aqueous extracts of black carrots fermented with Aspergillus oryzae prevent the impairment of energy, lipid and glucose metabolism in estrogen-deficient rats by AMPK activation

Table 4 The parameters of indirect calorimetry at the end of experiment

	OVX-CON (n = 10)	OVX-BC (n = 10)	OVX-BCLP (n = 10)	OVX-BCAO (n = 10)	Sham-CON (n = 10)
Energy intake (kcal/day)	100.9 ± 12.6	100.4 ± 9.2	98.4 ± 9.2	93.7 ± 12.0	94.7 ± 9.4
Anthocyanin intake (mg/kg bw/day)	–	50.4 ± 4.6^b	46.8 ± 4.4^b	65.5 ± 8.4^a	–
Energy expenditure (kcal/kg^0.75/day)	114.1 ± 16.7^b	120.5 ± 14.7^b	126.6 ± 15.8^a,b	136.8 ± 15.6^a,*	139.0 ± 17.4^†
Respiratory quotient	0.84 ± 0.03	0.83 ± 0.03	0.81 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.04	0.79 ± 0.04
VO₂ (mL/kg^0.75/min)	16.3 ± 2.4^b	17.2 ± 1.9^b	18.1 ± 2.3^a,b	19.5 ± 2.0^a,*	19.8 ± 2.2^†
VCO₂(mL/kg^0.75/min)	13.7 ± 2.0^b	14.2 ± 1.9^a,b	14.6 ± 1.8^a,b	15.6 ± 1.7^a,*	15.7 ± 2.0^†
Carbohydrate oxidation (mL/kg^0.75/min)	5.5 ± 0.7^a	5.3 ± 0.7^a,b	4.7 ± 0.7^b	4.6 ± 0.6^b,*	4.2 ± 0.6^†
Fat oxidation (mL/kg^0.75/min)	6.6 ± 0.9^c	7.4 ± 0.9^b	8.7 ± 1.2^a,b	9.9 ± 1.3^a,*	10.6 ± 1.4^†

OVX-CON, OVX rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 2 % dextrin; BC, OVX rats fed HFD with 2 % lyophilized water extracts of black carrot; BCAO, 2 % lyophilized water extract of black carrot fermented with Asperillus oryzae; BCLP, OVX rats fed HFD with 2 % lyophilized water extract of black carrot fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum; Sham-CON, Sham rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 2 % dextrin
Mean ± standard deviation (n = 10)
^†Significantly different from the OVX-CON by two-sampled t test at P < 0.05
^a,bValues in the same column with different superscripts were significantly different by Tukey’s test at P < 0.05

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