Cyanidin and malvidin in aqueous extracts of black carrots fermented with Aspergillus oryzae prevent the impairment of energy, lipid and glucose metabolism in estrogen-deficient rats by AMPK activation

Table 5 Serum glucose and lipid profiles at overnight fasting state

	OVX-CON	OVX-BC	OVX-BCLP	OVX-BCAO	Sham-CON
Glucose (mg/dL)	122 ± 10	121 ± 12	117 ± 9	114 ± 10	101 ± 10^‡
Insulin (mg/dL)	1.44 ± 0.21^a	1.25 ± 0.19^b	1.21 ± 0.21^b	1.16 ± 0.16^b,*	1.15 ± 0.25^‡
HOMA-IR	8.6 ± 1.0^a	7.5 ± 0.9^b	7.1 ± 1.0^b	6.6 ± 0.7^c,*	5.8 ± 0.7^‡
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	106.1 ± 7.2^a	94.1 ± 10.9^b	92.9 ± 10.8^b	90.2 ± 10.2^b	91.7 ± 8.2^‡
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	48.0 ± 4.7^a	36.5 ± 4.8^b	36.3 ± 4.7^b	33.8 ± 3.6^b	31.1 ± 3.4^‡
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	44.2 ± 5.4	45.8 ± 5.1	45.3 ± 4.4	46.2 ± 5.5	49.3 ± 4.7^‡
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	69.2 ± 7.4^a	58.8 ± 6.5^b	56.6 ± 6.8^b,c	52.3 ± 6.3^c	56.3 ± 7.2^‡

OVX-CON, OVX rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 2 % dextrin; BC, OVX rats fed HFD with 2 % lyophilized water extracts of black carrot; BCAO, 2 % lyophilized water extract of black carrot fermented with Asperillus oryzae; BCLP, OVX rats fed HFD with 2 % lyophilized water extract of black carrot fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum; Sham-CON, Sham rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with 2 % dextrin
Mean ± standard deviation (n = 10)
^‡Significantly different from the OVX-CON by two-sampled t test at P < 0.05
^a,bValues in the same column with different superscripts were significantly different by Tukey’s test at P < 0.05

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