Table 4 Processes of phenotypic flexibility modulated by OPGLTT
From: Phenotypic flexibility as a measure of health: the optimal nutritional stress response test
Organ system | Process | Direction (↑, ↓, –) | Disturbed |
|---|---|---|---|
Gut | Incretin production | ↑ | T2DM |
Satiety hormone production | ↑ and ↓ | Obesity | |
Adipose tissue | Lipolysis | ↑ | T2DM |
Adipokine production | ↑ | T2DM | |
Systemic stress | Insulin sensitivity | ↑ | T2DM, MetS, obesity |
Oxidative stress | ↑ | T2DM | |
Inflammation | Slight ↑ | T2DM, MetS | |
ER stress | ↑ | ||
Metabolic flexibility | – | Obesity | |
Liver | β-oxidation | ↑ | Obesity |
Ketogenesis | ↑ | ||
Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis | ↑ | ||
Lipoprotein production | ↑ | T2DM, MetS | |
TCA cycle | ↑ | ||
Kidney | Urea cycle | ↑ | |
Vasculature | Blood pressure regulation | ↓ | T2DM |
NO formation | ↓ | ||
Adhesion | ↑ | T2DM | |
Pancreas | Insulin secretion | ↑ | T2DM, obesity |
Brain | Endocrine response | ↓ | |
Neurotransmitters and precursors | ↑ |