Peripheral mononuclear blood cells contribute to the obesity-associated inflammatory state independently of glycemic status: involvement of the novel proinflammatory adipokines chemerin, chitinase-3-like protein 1, lipocalin-2 and osteopontin

Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of subjects included in the study

	Lean	Obese NG	Obese T2D	P
n (male, female)	20 (8, 12)	24 (7, 17)	25 (8, 17)	0.554
Age (years)	31 ± 2	35 ± 3	46 ± 2*, ^†	<0.01
BMI (kg/m²)	21.3 ± 0.5	43.4 ± 1.2***	44.2 ± 1.5***	<0.001
Body fat (%)	22.3 ± 1.5	53.0 ± 1.1***	50.5 ± 1.3***	<0.001
Waist (cm)	76 ± 3	122 ± 3***	125 ± 2***	<0.001
Hip (cm)	94 ± 1	132 ± 2***	133 ± 3***	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.81 ± 0.02	0.93 ± 0.2***	0.94 ± 0.01***	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	107 ± 3	124 ± 3***	133 ± 3***	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	66 ± 2	76 ± 2*	83 ± 2***^,†	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	84 ± 5	85 ± 2	122 ± 8***^,†††	<0.001
2 h OGTT glucose (mg/dL)	–	111 ± 5	168 ± 10^†††
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)	5.9 ± 1.3	15.1 ± 1.6*	21.7 ± 1.8***^,†	<0.001
2 h OGTT insulin (μU/mL)	–	80.9 ± 10.5	136.4 ± 15.4^†††
HOMA	1.3 ± 0.4	3.1 ± 0.3	5.6 ± 0.5***^,††	<0.001
QUICKI	0.386 ± 0.015	0.330 ± 0.006***	0.303 ± 0.004***^,†	<0.001
Triacylglycerol (mg/dL)	67 ± 9	100 ± 9	195 ± 39*^,†	0.015
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	176 ± 9	183 ± 9	211 ± 9	0.033
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	86 ± 6	109 ± 7	129 ± 8**	0.008
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	80 ± 10	54 ± 4**	49 ± 2**	<0.01
Leptin (ng/mL)	8.6 ± 1.7	57.0 ± 5.2***	52.2 ± 5.7***	<0.001
CRP (mg/L)	0.6 ± 0.1	10.2 ± 1.9**	7.7 ± 1.3*	<0.001
Fibrinogen (mg/dL)	189 ± 5	379 ± 17***	349 ± 16***	<0.001
von Willebrand factor (%)	61 ± 9	127 ± 11***	136 ± 11***	<0.001
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	6.6 ± 0.6	8.8 ± 0.8	9.9 ± 1.2	0.178
AST (UI/L)	13 ± 1	16 ± 1	16 ± 2	0.556
ALT (UI/L)	6 ± 1	24 ± 3*	27 ± 3***	0.006
ALP (UI/L)	86 ± 8	100 ± 5	100 ± 6	0.367
γ-GT (UI/L)	12 ± 2	18 ± 3	37 ± 10	0.093

Data are mean ± SEM. CRP was logarithmically transformed for statistical analysis due to its non-normal distribution. Differences regarding gender were assessed by Chi-square test. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc tests. Statistical differences in OGTT tests were determined by Student’s t test
ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, DBP diastolic blood pressure; γ-GT γ-glutamyltransferase, HOMA homeostasis model assessment, NG normoglycemic, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, SBP systolic blood pressure, T2D type 2 diabetes
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001 versus lean
^† P < 0.05, ^†† P < 0.01 and ^††† P < 0.001 versus obese NG

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