Table 3 Changes in the physical and biochemical parameters for the F₁ generation receiving control diet or HFD at 12 weeks (a) and 24 weeks (b)

(a)

Male

n

18

0

1

3

3

6

5

2

2

Body weight (g)

401 ± 8.32

–

383

472 ± 23.18*

504 ± 40.15*

424 ± 31.76

449 ± 40

380 ± 10*

295 ± 5*

BMI (kg/m²)

6.20 ± 0.07

–

5.88

7.06 ± 0.13*

7.44 ± 0.43*

6.67 ± 0.29

6.89 ± 0.20*

6.30 ± 0.06

5.04 ± 0.40*

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.51 ± 0.07

–

2.06

2.17 ± 0.14*

1.61 ± 0.25

1.48 ± 0.09

1.90 ± 0.18

2.22 ± 0.45*

1.94 ± 0.22

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.44 ± 0.11

–

8.33

5.88 ± 0.13*

6.61 ± 0.32*

5.61 ± 0.35*

5.38 ± 0.15*

5.05 ± 0.56

5.94 ± 0.17

Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

7.22 ± 0.40

–

9.1

8.38 ± 0.29

10.16 ± 0.59*

7.77 ± 0.45

9.55 ± 0.91*

5.55 ± 0.39*

5.61 ± 0.50*

Insulin (pmol/L)

215 ± 19

–

367

328 ± 28

318 ± 73

293 ± 53

275 ± 60

98 ± 50*

149 ± 60*

HOMA IR

9.41 ± 0.85

–

22.45

14.08 ± 0.96

14.98 ± 2.81

7.55 ± 1.69

7.45 ± 2.96

6.14 ± 2.72*

10.09 ± 4.38

Female

n

17

0

2

0

2

3

4

1

2

Body weight (g)

242 ± 4.89

–

263 ± 12

–

308 ± 9.50*

207 ± 4.63

281 ± 36*

210

245 ± 15

BMI (kg/m²)

5.12 ± 0.08

–

6.41 ± 0.13

–

6.24 ± 0.33*

5.74 ± 0.13*

6.23 ± 0.27*

4.76

6.12 ± 0.07*

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.16 ± 0.13

–

2.83 ± 0.16

–

1.23 ± 0.21

2.20 ± 0.20*

1.83 ± 0.22

1.97

2.34 ± 0.12*

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.83 ± 0.17

–

5.05 ± 0.83

–

6.27 ± 0.44*

5.16 ± 0.16

5.27 ± 0.19

4.39

4.33 ± 0.39

Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

6.66 ± 0.23

–

10.77 ± 3.39

–

8.60 ± 0.83*

6.44 ± 1.05

6.55 ± 0.33

5.27

6.27 ± 0.11

Insulin (pmol/L)

129 ± 16

–

88 ± 10

–

218 ± 34

186 ± 18

205 ± 41

123

141 ± 66*

HOMA IR

5.48 ± 0.80

–

3.34 ± 0.92

–

 9.91 ± 0.86*

7 ± 0.45

6.26 ± 2.38

7.28

12.45 ± 8.20*

(b)

Male

n

18

0

1

2

2

3

2

1

0

Body weight (g)

521 ± 10.20

–

490

635 ± 25*

765 ± 75*

533 ± 96.67

610 ± 90*

510

–

BMI (kg/m²)

6.83 ± 0.09

–

6.98

8.40 ± 0.33*

9.42 ± 0.92*

6.90 ± 0.73

8.16 ± 0.46

7.26

–

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.40 ± 0.11

–

2.12

3.43 ± 0.44*

3.79 ± 0.64*

3.19 ± 0.21*

3.04 ± 0.97*

2.09

–

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.55 ± 0.13

–

6.77

6.22 ± 0.06*

6.44 ± 0.44*

5.38 ± 0.59

6.94 ± 1.36*

5.44

–

Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

6.38 ± 0.23

–

7.38

11.93 ± 0.36*

10.77 ± 2.97*

8.55 ± 0.13*

8.27 ± 1.67

7.6

–

Insulin (pmol/L)

262 ± 31

–

291

307 ± 151

783 ± 133*

234 ± 22

381 ± 101

572

–

HOMA IR

10.45 ± 1.15

–

14.47

14.07 ± 7.01

37.42 ± 8.84*

16.37 ± 2.60

20.31 ± 8.93

38.11

–

Female

n

17

0

1

0

1

2

2

1

1

Body weight (g)

270 ± 5.73

–

330

–

370

230 ± 10

290 ± 50

250

290

BMI (kg/m²)

5.18 ± 0.08

–

6.72

–

7.31

5.70 ± 0.94

5.95 ± 0.76

5.95

5.99

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.71 ± 0.07

–

2.22

–

2.27

2.79 ± 0.26

2.17 ± 0.01*

3.25

2.71

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.88 ± 0.15

–

5.00

–

5.05

5.00 ± 0.47

4.50 ± 0.67

4.44

4.39

Postprandial glucose (mmol/L)

5.72 ± 0.09

–

9.27

–

15.21

6.72 ± 0.72

9.38 ± 3.44*

4.04

6.94

Insulin (pmol/L)

168 ± 38

–

110

–

480

190 ± 23

214 ± 60

–

291

HOMA IR

7.26 ± 1.99

–

4.04

–

17.79

6.26 ± 1.42

7.73 ± 2.61

–

15.62