Multi-parameter comparison of a standardized mixed meal tolerance test in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects: the PhenFlex challenge

Table 2 Fasting levels of markers that were significantly different between 20 healthy male subjects and 20 type 2 diabetic male subjects, related to adipose tissue, vasculature, kidney, muscle, liver, pancreas, and systemic stress

	Parameter	Unit	Healthy	T2D
Adipose tissue	Leptin	ng/mL	2.96 (2.7)	6.53 (4.2)^**
Adipose tissue	Adipose IR index	–	2.80 (0.12)	3.86 (0.12)^***
Vasculature	sICAM-1	ng/mL	247 (38)	299 (56)^*
Kidney	Ornithine	RC	0.14 (0.02)	0.18 (0.04)^*
Kidney	1,5-anhydroglucitol	RC	1.10 (0.2)	0.44 (0.2)^***
Muscle	Leucine	RC	1.16 (0.2)	1.33 (0.2)^*
	Valine	RC	1.88 (0.3)	2.16 (0.2)^*
	4-Oxoproline	RC	0.019 (0.006)	0.011 (0.005)^**
	Glycine	RC	1.09 (0.2)	0.91 (0.2)^*
	Glutamate	RC	0.28 (0.1)	0.49 (0.2)^**
Liver	ALAT	U/L	22.3 (9.8)	38.0 (23.8)^***
	GGT	U/L	21.4 (8.9)	36.7 (16.6)^***
	2-Hydroxybutanoic acid	RC	0.078 (0.03)	0.13 (0.04)^***
	Liver IR index	–	902 (565)	3348 (1312)^***
Pancreas	Insulin	ng/mL	0.31 (0.2)	0.60 (0.2)^***
Pancreas	HOMA-B	%	94 (62)	50 (24)^**
Systemic stress	HbA1c	ng/mL	95.0 (23)	127 (29)^**
	HOMA-IR	–	2.23 (1.4)	8.27 (3.2)^***
	Glucose	mmol/L	5.4 (0.5)	10.2 (1.7)^***
	Fructose	RC	0.034 (0.01)	0.059 (0.02)^***
	Mannose	RC	0.33 (0.05)	0.58 (0.1)^***
	CRP	ng/mL	567 (395)	1342 (1028)^*

Data are presented as mean ± SD
RC relative concentrations against internal standard
^*Significant differences between fasting values healthy subjects and T2D (p value < 0.05);
^**Significant differences between fasting values healthy subjects and T2D (p value < 0.01);
^***Significant differences between fasting values healthy subjects and T2D (p value < 0.001)

ISSN: 1865-3499