Table 1 List of studies reporting candidate biomarkers for Allium vegetable consumption
Food items | Study design | Number of subjects | Analytical method | Biospecimen | Candidate biomarkers | Primary reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garlic Onion | Human single meal study Human single meal study | NA | GC-MS | Urine (24 h) | N-acetyl-S- (2-carboxypropyl) cysteine (CPMA) S-allylmercapturic acid (ALMA) N-acetyl-S- (2-carboxypropyl) cysteine (CPMA) S-allylmercapturic acid (ALMA)* | [19] |
Garlic | Human single meal study | 6 | GC-MS | Urine (24 h) | S-allylmercapturic acid (ALMA) | [21] |
Garlic | Placebo-controlled intervention study Cross-sectional study of Finnish vegans and controls | 101 20 | GC-MS | Urine (24 h) Urine (24 h) | S-allylmercapturic acid (ALMA) S-allylmercapturic acid (ALMA) | [22] |
Fresh garlic | Randomized controlled parallel trial | NA | GC MS/MS | Urine (24 h) | S-allylmercapturic acid (ALMA) | [20] |
Aged garlic extract | Human single meal study | 1 | HPLC-MS | Blood plasma Breath | S-allyl cysteine (SAC) Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) | [18] |
Fresh garlic | Human single meal study | 7 | GC-MS | Breath | Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) | [28] |
Fresh garlic | Human single meal study | 1 | GC-MS | Breath | Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) | [30] |
Garlic | Human single meal study | 6 | GC-MS | Breath | Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) | [31] |
Raw garlic | Human single meal study | 1 | PTR-MS | Breath | Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) | [29] |
Raw garlic | Human single meal study | 12 | GC-MS/O | Urine (24 h) | Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) | [33] |
HRGC-MS | Â | Allyl methyl sulfoxide (AMSO) Allyl methyl sulfone (AMSO2) |