Biomarkers of food intake for Allium vegetables

Praticò, Giulia; Gao, Qian; Manach, Claudine; Dragsted, Lars O.

doi:10.1186/s12263-018-0624-4

Genes & Nutrition

Table 2 Summary of the selected candidate BFIs of Allium vegetables and the excluded biomarkers and reasons for inclusion or exclusion

From: Biomarkers of food intake for Allium vegetables

Food item	Metabolites	Biofluid locations	Reason for inclusion or exclusion	Selected for the systematic validation as BFI	References
Garlic	ALMA	Urine	Specificity, suitable post-prandial kinetics, and dose-response	Yes	[19,20,21,22]
	AMS	Breath	Specificity, suitable post-prandial kinetics, and dose-response	Yes	[18, 28,29,30,31]
	AMS	Urine	Specificity, suitable post-prandial kinetics, and dose-response	Yes	[33]
	AMS	Breast milk	Uncommon sampling	No	[34]
	AMSO	Urine	Specificity, suitable post-prandial kinetics	Yes	[33]
	AMSO₂	Urine	Specificity, suitable post-prandial kinetics	Yes	[33]
	SAC	Plasma	Probably specific, need for further investigation	Yes	[18]
	DADS	Urine	Too low concentration, scarce information on kinetics	No	[27]
	DADS	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[18, 29, 30, 32]
	DAS	Urine	Too low concentration, scarce information on kinetics	No	[27]
	DAS	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[18, 29, 30]
	DMS	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[29]
	DMDS	Breath	Unspecific, too low concentration	No	[30]
	DMDS	Urine	Unspecific, too low concentration	No	[27, 33]
	DMTS	Urine	Unspecific, too low concentration	No	[27]
	Acetone	Breath	Unspecific, too variable background	No	[28, 29]
	Organo-selenium compounds	Breath	Too low concentration	No	[30]
	Methanethiol	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[31]
	Allyl mercaptan	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[31, 32]
	AMDS	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[29,30,31]
	AMDS	Urine	Only detectable after the consumption of a high dose (30 g garlic)	No	[33]
	ADS	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[31]
	DATS	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[29, 30]
	Hexahydrohippuric acid	Urine	Unspecific	No	[19]
	2-propenethiol	Breath	Too low concentration, too short half-life	No	[30]
Onion	N-acetyl-S-(1Z)-propenyl-cysteine- sulfoxide	Urine	Probably specific, identification level II, need for further investigation	No	[48]
	Quercetin	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[40, 42, 43, 56,57,58,59,60,61]
	Quercetin-3′-sulphate	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[41]
	Quercetin-3-glucuronide	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[41]
	Quercetin-4′-glucuronide	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[47]
	Quercetin diglucuronide	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[41]
	Isorhamnetin	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[40, 43, 56, 59, 61]
	Isorhamnetin-3-glucuronide	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[41]
	Isorhamnetin-4′-glucuronide	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[47]
	Tamarixetin	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[59, 61]
	Kaempferol	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[56, 57]
	Flavonol metabolites	Plasma/urine	Unspecific	No	[40, 43, 46]
	Dimethyl sulfone	Urine*	Unspecific	No	[49]
	3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid	Urine*	Unspecific	No	[49]
Onion and garlic	CPMA	Urine	Probably specific, needs further investigation	Yes	[19]
Shallot	Quercetin	Plasma	Unspecific	No	[54]

Abbreviation: ALMA S-allylmercapturic acid, AMS allyl methyl sulfide, AMSO allyl methyl sulfoxide, AMSO₂ allyl methyl sulfone, CPMA N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl)cysteine, SAC S-allylcysteine, DADS diallyl disulfide, DAS diallyl sulfide, DMDS dimethyl disulfide, AM allyl mercaptan, AMDS allyl methyl disulfide, ADS allyl disulfide, DATS diallyl trisulfide, DMS dimethyl sulfide, DMTS dimethyl trisulfide
*Data from animal study

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ISSN: 1865-3499

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