Biomarkers of food intake for nuts and vegetable oils: an extensive literature search

Garcia-Aloy, Mar; Hulshof, Paul J. M.; Estruel-Amades, Sheila; Osté, Maryse C. J.; Lankinen, Maria; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; de Goede, Janette; Ulaszewska, Marynka; Mattivi, Fulvio; Bakker, Stephan J. L.; Schwab, Ursula; Andres-Lacueva, Cristina

doi:10.1186/s12263-019-0628-8

Genes & Nutrition

Table 1 Studies reporting associations between consumption and potential candidate food intake biomarkers for nuts

From: Biomarkers of food intake for nuts and vegetable oils: an extensive literature search

Dietary factor [reference]	Study design	Number of subjects	Analytical method	Sample type	Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers
Walnuts^a [20]	Acute study	8	GC	Large TAG-rich lipoproteins	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [21]	Acute study	20	GC	LDL cholesteryl esters	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [22]	Acute study	40	LC-MS	Urine	Urolithin B glucuronide
Walnuts^a [23]	Acute study	16	HPLC	Urine	Urolithin A
Walnuts [24]	Acute study	8	Spectro-photometry	Urine	5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Walnuts [25]	Acute study	3	HPLC	Urine	5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Walnuts [26]	Acute study	31	LC-MS	Serum	5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Walnuts^a [12]	Sustained intervention	18	GC	Serum cholesteryl esters	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [27]	Sustained intervention	16	GC	Plasma	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [28]	Sustained intervention	21	GC	Plasma TAG	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [29]	Sustained intervention	55	GC	LDL cholesteryl esters	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [30]	Sustained intervention	18	GC	Plasma	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [31]	Sustained intervention	10	TLC	LDL proteins	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [32]	Sustained intervention	40	GC	Serum cholesteryl esters	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [33]	Sustained intervention	90	NR	Erythrocytes	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [34]	Sustained intervention	10	GC	Blood drops	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [35]	Sustained intervention	39	NR	Erythrocytes	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [36]	Sustained intervention	25	GC	Erythrocytes	Linolenic acid
Walnuts [37]	Sustained intervention	50	GC	Erythrocytes	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [38]	Sustained intervention	25	NR	Plasma phospholipids	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [39]	Sustained intervention	21	GC	Erythrocytes	Linolenic acid
Walnuts [40]	Sustained intervention	283	GC	Erythrocytes	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [41]	Sustained intervention	18	GC	Plasma	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [42]	Sustained intervention	25	GC-FID	Plasma phospholipids	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts [43]	Sustained intervention	109	GC-FID	Serum	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [44]	Sustained intervention	45	GC-FID	Erythrocytes	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [45]	Sustained intervention	20	NR	Erythrocytes	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [46]	Sustained intervention	40	GC	Plasma	α-Linolenic acid
Walnuts^a [47]	Sustained intervention	63	LC-MS	Plasma / Urine / Prostate gland	Urolithin A glucuronide, urolithin B glucuronide (only in prostate gland)
Walnuts [48]	Sustained intervention	10	LC-MS	Urine / Feces	Urolithin A, urolithin A 3-glucuronide (only urine), isourolithin A, isourolithin A 3-glucuronide (only urine), urolithin B, urolithin B glurcuronide (only urine), urolithin C (only feces)
Walnuts^a [49]	Sustained intervention	20	LC-MS	Urine / Feces	Urolithin A, urolithin A glucuronide (only urine), isourolithin A, isourolithin A glucuronide (only urine), urolithin B, urolithin B glucuronide (only urine), urolithin C (only feces)
Walnuts [50]	Observational study	107	LC-MS	Urine	5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid
Walnuts^a [51]	Observational study	381	LC-MS	Urine	Urolithin A glucuronide / sulfate / sulfoglucuronide, urolithin B glucuronide, urolithin C sulfate, urolithin C glucuronide, hydroxyindoleacetic acid sulfate
Brazil nuts [52]	Acute study	3	LC-MS	Urine	Selenium
Brazil nuts [53]	Acute study	2	LC-ICP-MS	Urine	Selenium
Brazil nuts [54]	Sustained intervention	15	AAS	Plasma	Selenium
Brazil nuts [55]	Sustained intervention	59	AAS	Plasma	Selenium
Brazil nuts [56]	Sustained intervention	81	AAS	Plasma / Erythrocytes	Selenium
Brazil nuts [57]	Sustained intervention	37	AAS	Plasma / Erythrocytes	Selenium
Brazil nuts [58]	Sustained intervention	91	AAS	Plasma	Selenium
Brazil nuts [59]	Sustained intervention	91	ICP-MS	Plasma	Selenium
Brazil nuts [60]	Sustained intervention	82	AAS	Plasma / Erythrocytes / Urine (24 h) / Hair / Nails	Selenium
Brazil nuts [61]	Sustained intervention	31	AAS	Plasma	Selenium
Brazil nuts [62]	Sustained intervention	32	NS	Plasma	Selenium
Brazil nuts [63]	Observational study	155	ICP-MS	Blood	Selenium
Brazil nuts [64]	Observational study	219	ICP-MS	Whole-blood	Selenium
Almonds [65]	Sustained intervention	16	HPLC	Plasma / Erythrocytes	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [66]	Sustained intervention	20	HPLC	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [67]	Sustained intervention	60	HPLC	Serum	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [68]	Sustained intervention	24	NR	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [69]	Sustained intervention	65	HPLC-FLD	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [70]	Sustained intervention	22	HPLC	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [71]	Sustained intervention	60	HPLC	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Almonds [72]	Sustained intervention	45	HPLC	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Hazelnuts [73]	Sustained intervention	48	HPLC	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Hazelnuts^a [74]	Sustained intervention	21	HPLC	Serum / Isolated LDL	α-Tocopherol
Hazelnuts [75]	Sustained intervention	72	HPLC	Plasma	α-Tocopherol
Pistachios [77]	Sustained intervention	28	GC	Serum	β-Sitosterol
Pistachios^a [78]	Sustained intervention	28	HPLC	Serum	Lutein
Pistachios^a [76]	Sustained intervention	54	LC-MS	Plasma	Lutein-zeaxanthin
Mixed nuts (walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) [79]	Sustained intervention	27	GC	Plasma	α-Linolenic acid
Mixed nuts (walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) [80]	Sustained intervention	375	GC	Plasma	α-Linolenic acid
Mixed nuts (walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) [81]	Sustained intervention	42	LC-MS	Urine	Urolithin A glucuronide / sulfate / sulfoglucuronide, hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Mixed nuts (walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) [82]	Sustained intervention	41	LC-MS	Urine	Urolithin A, urolithin B
Mixed nuts (walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) ^a [83]	Sustained intervention	47	LC-MS	Plasma	Urolithin A glucuronide

AAS atomic absorption spectrometry, FID flame ionization detector, FLD fluorometric detection, GC gas chromatography, HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography, ICP inductively coupled plasma, MS mass spectrometry, NR not reported, TAG triacylglycerides, TLC thin-layer chromatography
^aThe study includes other nonrelevant metabolites (included in Additional file 1: Table S1)

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