Table 4 Validation scheme of potential food intake biomarkers for vegetable oils

Olive oil [128, 133, 134, 141, 142, 157, 158]

Oleic acid

HMDB0000207

Plasma/blood cells

N

U

Y

Y

Y

U

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [80, 135, 136, 144,145,146,147,148,149,150, 143, 151]

Hydroxytyrosol

HMDB0005784

Urine/plasma

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [137, 138, 153,154,155, 152, 156]

Hydroxytyrosol sulfate

–

Urine/plasma

Y

Y

Y

U

Y

Y

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [139, 140, 155, 156]

Hydroxytyrosol acetate sulfate

–

Urine/plasma

Y

U

Y

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Olive oil, (extra) virgin [136, 150, 151]

3-O-Methylhydroxytyrosol

–

Urine

Y

Y

U

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Flaxseed/linseed oil [160,161,162,163,164,165]

α-Linolenic acid

HMDB0001388

Plasma/serum/erythrocytes/platelets

N

Y

U

Y

Y

U

U

Y

U

Rapeseed/canola oil [158, 175,176,177,178, 174, 179]

α-Linolenic acid

HMDB0001388

Plasma/platelets/breast milk

N

Y

Y

U

Y

U

U

Y

U

Sunflower oil [157, 173, 179, 178, 180]

Linoleic acid

HMDB0000673

Plasma/platelets/subcutaneous adipose tissue

N

U

U

U

Y

U

U

Y

U