Table 1 List of studies reporting putative biomarkers for brown seaweed consumption
Dietary factor | Study design | Number and age of subjects | Analytical method | Sample type | Discriminating metabolites | Primary reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown seaweed (food-grade seaweed capsule) 400 mg containing 101.89 mg polyphenol | Single oral dose intervention study with no control group | 12 women and 12 men (aged 18–65 years) | Plasma ((RP)-HPLC-DAD), urine (RP-HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS) | Hydrolyzed urine | Hydroxytrifuhalol A, 7-hydroxyeckol, C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol | [20] |
Hydrolyzed plasma | Data not shown in the paper | |||||
Brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum) capsule 400 mg containing 107.3 mg phlorotannin | A 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial | 39 men and 41 women (aged 30–65 years) | UHPLC-HR-MS HPLC-DAD | Urine | Pyrogallol/phloroglucinol sulfate, hydroxytrifurahol A-glucuronide, dioxinodehydroeckol glucuronide, C-O-C dimer of phloroglucinol sulfate, diphlorethol sulfate, fucophloroethol glucuronide | [21] |
Plasma | No markers found | |||||
10 ml kombu extract containing 31 mg fucoxanthin | Single oral dose intervention study with no control group | 10 males and 8 females (aged 22–63 years) | HPLC-UV-VIS | Plasma | Fucoxanthinol | [22] |
Stir-fried wakame containing 6.1 mg fucoxanthin | 1 week dietary intervention study with no control group | 3 women and 2men (aged 30–50 years) | (SPE)-HPLC-DAD | Plasma | Fucoxanthinol | [23] |
Astaxanthin from a supercritical CO2 extract of Haematococcus pluvialis (green seaweed) as a softgel capsule (0, 2, 8 mg) | A 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study | 42 females (aged 20–23 years) | RP-HPLC-DAD | Plasma | Astaxanthin | [24] |
Haematococcus pluvialis extract. 12 soft capsules, each containing 4 mg of astaxanthin, total 48 mg | Single oral dose intervention study with no control group. Two females and five non-smoking males received the capsules 2 h in advance of a meal, the others took them right after the meal. | 15 males (7 smokers) and 5 females (aged 18–60 years) | HPLC-UV-VIS | Serum | Astaxanthin | [25] |
Green alga + lipid to be formulation contained 40 mg astaxanthin | Open parallel design dividing into 4 groups on average for 4 days | 32 males (aged 20–46 years) | HPLC-VIS | Plasma | Astaxanthin | [26] |
100 mg astaxanthin with olive oil and cereals for 3 days | Single dose intervention study with no control group | 3 males (aged 37–43 years) | HPLC-UV-VIS | Plasma | Astaxanthin | [27] |
Average 50 sheets of nori (average 200 g β-carotene) for 5 months | Sequential intervention | One 22-year-old female | / | Serum | β-carotene | [28] |