Table 1 List of publications reporting candidate biomarkers for banana, watermelon, and avocado consumption
Dietary factor | Study design | Number of subjects | Analytical method | Sample type | Discriminating metabolites/candidate biomarkers | Primary reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Banana (4 fresh fruits) | Human intervention study Habitual diet supplemented with banana and other fruits. | 8 (5 women, 3 men) | Radio enzymatic assay | Urine (24 h collection) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [32] |
Banana (300–500 g of fresh fruit) | Controlled study One-day of intervention: (1) banana pulp, (2) control (oral dose of serotonin) | 3 (3 men) | Paper chromatography with a fluorometric detection | Urine (24 h collection in 6 time points) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [33] |
Banana (450 g of fresh fruit) | Randomized controlled meal study with four intervention days: (1) bread as control, (2) banana, (3) alcohol, and (4) alcohol + banana | 10 (7 women, 3 men) | HPLC | Urine (24 h collection in 9 time points) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [34] |
Banana (325–468 g of fresh fruit) | Acute intervention One-day run-in period followed by one day of intervention by adding three to four bananas to conventional diet; after 24 h subjects resumed to regular diet. | 5 (3 women, 2 men) | GC-MS HPLC-ECD | Urine (3 days collection during daytime in 2–3 h intervals) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [35] |
Banana (4 fresh fruits) | Randomized controlled study Six-day intervention: (1) control diet, (2) 7 g vanilla plus control diet, (3) banana plus control diet | 12 (6 men, 6 women) | HPLC-ECD | Urine (24 h collection) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [36] |
Banana (50 g of fresh fruit) | Meal intervention Two loadings separated by 12 h | 2 (1 woman,1 man) | HPLC | Urine (1, 3, and 6 h after intake and first void of urine after the second period of intake) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [37] |
Banana (200 g of fresh fruit) | Control, crossover intervention study 13 days of intervention 1 day per food tested: (1) tested foods: 200 g of banana, pineapple, tomato, kiwi, orange, 30 g walnut, 1 g vanilla beans, 100 g papaya, 200 g apple, 100 g spinach, 100 g cucumber, and 15 g coffee beans; (2) a cup of milk and 70 g of white bread as control | 3 (all women) | HPLC-ECD | Urine (random urine collection 3 h after intake) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [38] |
Banana (200 g of fresh fruit) | Single-dose food intervention | 3 (2 women, 1 man) | HPLC-ECD | Urine (collected every hour from 2 to 7 h after the intake ) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [38] |
Banana (200 g once a day at different times) | Meal intervention over five consecutive days First day dietary restriction, second day 200 g of banana at 12:00 h, on the third day 200 g of banana at 16:00 h and on the fourth day 200 g of banana at 20:00 h. | 9 (2 men, 7 women) | HPLC-ECD | Urine (first and second urine after banana intake over 5 consecutive days) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [38] |
Banana (12 fresh fruits) | Controlled intervention One day of intervention per food tested: (1) “plant free” control diet, (2) control diet plus tested food. | 2 (1 woman,1 man) | Two-dimensional paper chromatography Ion exchange column chromatography | Urine (12 h and 24 h collection) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [39] |
Banana (fresh fruit given once a day) | One-day study with three banana meal interventions within a single day: (1) 205 g of banana divided in three meals, (2) 475 g of banana divided in three meals, (3) 725 g of banana divided in three meals. | 2 (healthy volunteers | Paper chromatography fluorometric determination | Urine (24 h urine collections) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [40] |
Banana (one and two fresh fruits) | Acute study with two interventions: (1) one banana with lunch, (2) two bananas with lunch | 6 (sex not specified) | Paper chromatography fluorometric determination | Urine (2 h after banana intake and 4 h after banana intake) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [40] |
Banana (> 350 g of banana) | Meal intervention preceded by 3 days of run in period with low serotonin containing foods. Tested foods (group A and B): 297–362 g pineapple, 335 g kiwi, 102 g walnuts, and 385–359 g of banana | 35 (group A = 12, 8 women and 4 men; group B = 23, all women) | HILIC-QTRAP-MS/MS | Serum (group A : 0 h, 0–2 h, 2–4 h, 4–6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h after intake; group B: 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after intake) | 5-Hydroxindole acetic acid | [41] |
Banana (freeze-dried banana) | Randomized, crossover, controlled study Three days of intervention: (1) control, (2) pear 0.4 g/kg first loading followed by 0.6 g/kg/h during bicycling challenge, (3) banana first loading 0.4 g/kg followed by 0.6 g/kg/h during bicycling challenge | 20 (all men) | UHPLC-MS/MS | Plasma (fasting sample, 1.5 h after physical challenge and 21 h post exercise) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid Dopamine sulfate | [42] |
Banana (one banana as part of a standard breakfast) | Parallel meal study with two treatments: (1) ethanol infusion, (2) banana containing breakfast followed by ethanol infusion 1 h after intake | 11 (all men) | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Plasma (group 1: 0 h, 15 min,45 min; group 2: 0 h, 0–1 h after banana intake then 15 min, 30 min, 45 min after ethanol infusion) | Dopamine (R + S) Salsolinol | [43] |
Banana | Crossover controlled study on a single intervention day: (1) control, (2) banana (~ 6–7 fruits) | 14 (all men) | GC-MS | Plasma (1 h pre-exercise, immediately after exercise, 1 h post exercise) | Dopamine | [44] |
Banana (100 g of dried banana) | Acute intervention One day of intervention with banana | 6 (all men) | HPLC-ECD | Urine (24 h collections in two fractions per day 8 am to 5 pm and 5 pm to 9 am; 2 days of sampling: day before and day after banana intake) | (R + S) Salsolinol | [45] |
Banana (5–20 bananas a day) | Case report | 1 (woman) | Not reported | Whole blood (1 collection per month of follow up) | Dopamine | [46] |
Banana (freeze-dried banana) | Randomized controlled crossover study with four interventions: (1) First loading of 5 mL/kg of water as control followed by 3 mL/kg/15 min until end of 75 km cycling challenge, (2) first loading of 0.4 g/kg of Cavendish banana followed by 0.2 g/kg every 15 min until end of 75 km bicycling challenge 3) 0.4 g/kg of mini yellow banana followed by 0.2 g/kg/15 min until end of 75 km bicycling, (4) 6% sugar beverage every 15 min until end of 75 km bicycling | 20 (14 men, 6 women) | UHPLC-MS/MS | Serum | 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid Dopamine-3-O-sulfate Dopamine-4-sulfate | [47] |
Banana FFQ, 3.01 g (0.98–3.01 g)a | Cross-sectional study | 1369 (all postmenopausal women) | UHPLC-MS/MS | Serum (non-fasting, one collection) | 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid Dopamine-3-O-sulfate Dopamine-4-sulfate 3-Methoxytyramine-sulfate 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid | [48] |
Banana (240 g of fresh fruit) | Randomized controlled study Two days run-in period with restricted diet; three intervention periods with at least 3 days of wash-out period between, (1) 250 mL control drink, (2) 240 g of banana + 150 mL of control drink, (3) 300 g of tomato + 12 g of sunflower oils + 150 mL of control drink | 12 (6 men,6 women) | UHPLC-QTOF-MS | Urine (24 h collection) | Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate+ Salsolinol sulfate Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate+6-OH-MTβC sulfate +2-isopropylmalic acid Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate +Salsolinol sulfate+ Xanthurenic acid+6-OH-MTβC sulfate | [49] |
GCxGC-MS | Urine (24 h collection in seven time points) | Dopamine Methoxyeugenol Salsolinol | ||||
Banana (24 h recalls, (1) high consumers 176 g (126–378 g), (2) low consumers 87.7 g (47.3–94.5 g), (3) non-consumers)b | Cross-sectional study | 78 (39 men, 39women) | UHPLC-QTOF-MS | Urine (24 h collection) | Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate+ Salsolinol sulfate Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate+6-OH-MTβC sulfate +2-isopropylmalic acid Methoxyeugenol-glucuronide + Dopamine sulfate + Salsolinol sulfate+ Xanthurenic acid+6-OH-MTβC sulfate | [49] |
Watermelon (3.3 kg wet weight of fruit) | Human study intervention | 6 (sex not specified) | Ion exchange chromatography | Plasma | Citrulline | [50] |
Watermelon juice (300 mL) | Double blind crossover-controlled study; 16-day supplementations with seven to ten days washout period; (1) control, (2) 300 mL of watermelon juice, (3) 300 mL of apple concentrate juice | 8 (all men) | Fluorescence-detection HPLC | Plasma (five collections following different bicycling challenges) | Citrulline | [51] |
Watermelon puree (980 mL/day) | Randomized placebo-controlled crossover study; two interventions: (1) 6% carbohydrate beverage as control, (2) 980 mL/day of watermelon puree for 2 weeks. On the day of physical challenge subjects ingested a first loading of 0.4 g/kg of watermelon puree followed by 0.2 g/kg every 15 min of exercise. | 20 (all healthy men) | HPLC-UV | Plasma (four collections, pre, post, 1 h post exercice) | Citrulline | [52] |
Watermelon juice (3 and 6 cups/day for 3 weeks) | Human controlled crossover study; three intervention periods preceded by 2–4 weeks’ washout period; interventions: (1) control, (2) three cups of watermelon juice a day; (3) six cups of watermelon juice a day. | 23 (12 men, 11 women) | HPLC-UV | Plasma (fasting state, baseline, 1 week and 3 weeks of intervention) | Citrulline | [53] |
Avocado Assessed by 24 h-dietary recall | Cross-sectional study | 301 (129 women, 172men) | GC-MS | Urine (24 h collection) | Perseitol Mannoheptulose | [54] |
Avocado (75–200 g of fresh fruit) | Human intervention Study | 3 (healthy subjects) | HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS | Urine (prior to consumption and up to 16 h) | Perseitol Mannoheptulose | [55] |