Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study variables in T2D case and non-diabetic control subjects
| Â | Non-diabetic control (n = 434) | T2D case (n = 434) | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.4 (0.4) | 52.1 (0.4) | 0.25 |
Male [n, (%)] | 167 (38.5) | 167 (38.5) | 1.00 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (0.2) | 26.3(0.2) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumferences (cm) | 85.0 (0.5) | 90.1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
Current smokers [n, (%)] | 76 (17.5) | 79 (18.2) | 0.87 |
Current drinkers [n, (%)] | 171 (39.4) | 160 (36.9) | 0.49 |
Exercised regularly [n, (%)] | 212 (48.8) | 195 (44.9) | 0.28 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2357 (41.7) | 2409 (41.5) | 0.38 |
Family history of T2D [n, (%)] | 56 (12.9) | 81 (18.7) | 0.025 |
Hypertension [n, (%)] | 83 (19.2) | 128 (29.7) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipid [n, (%)] | 96 (22.2) | 125 (29.3) | 0.019 |
Coronary [n, (%)] | 87 (20.0) | 95 (21.9) | 0.56 |
Dietary BCAAs (mg/g protein) | |||
 Total BCAAs | 207(1.9) | 211 (1.9) | 0.12 |
 Isoleucine | 51.6 (0.4) | 52.5 (0.4) | 0.12 |
 Leucine | 97.0 (1.0) | 99.2 (1.0) | 0.11 |
 Valine | 58.3 (0.5) | 59.3 (0.5) | 0.15 |
Circulating BCAAs (umol/L) | |||
 Total BCAAs | 140 (25.2) | 147 (31.0) | 0.014 |
 Isoleucine | 23.1 (7.9) | 25.5 (10.6) | < 0.001 |
 Leucine | 14.7 (5.8) | 17.0 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
 Valine | 97.4 (23.4) | 106 (20.9) | < 0.001 |
Protein(g/day) | 62.4 (1.8) | 63.0 (1.8) | 0.80 |
Fat(g/day) | 74.4 (1.5) | 76.8 (1.5) | 0.25 |
Carbohydrate(g/day) | 364 (7.2) | 369 (7.2) | 0.58 |
Fast glucose (mmol/l) | 4.4 (0.09) | 6.7(0.09) | < 0.001 |