Fig. 6

The effect of HSI, exercise, and FOXO-OE on the skeletal muscle physiology and structure in 5-week-old flies. A The skeletal muscle relative FOXO expression. B The skeletal muscle relative FOXO protein level. C The skeletal muscle relative PGC-1α expression. D The skeletal muscle PGC-1α protein level. E The skeletal muscle succinodehydrogenase (SDH) protein level. F The skeletal muscle SOD activity levels. G The skeletal muscle ROS level. H The skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (Mhc) expression level. I Images of MHC immunohistochemistry in the skeletal muscle (scale: the black line represents 10 microns, the red arrow is the nucleus, and the yellow structure represents muscle cells). J Transmission electron microscopy of the skeletal muscle (scale: the black line represents 2 microns). The red arrow indicates the myofibrillary injury. For proteins and ROS, the sample size was 20 flies’ muscles for each group, and measurements were taken 3 times. For RT-PCR and ELISA, the sample size was 20 flies’ muscles for each group, and measurements were taken 3 times. The 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with least significant difference (LSD) tests was used to identify differences among the groups. Data are represented as means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ns means no significant differences