Fig. 3

mRNA expression in inguinal adipose tissue of 9-month-old rats (males and females) fed with a HF or HC diet. L and C make reference to early dietary treatment that was either leucine supplemented diet (L) or control diet (C). GDI expression was used as housekeeping gene. After assuming comparable levels of expression between males and females, all data are expressed as a percentage of male control animals under HC diet (C-HC group). Results are mean ± S.E.M (n = 5–6). Effect of sex (S), diet (D) or treatment (T) was assessed by three/two way ANOVA, horizontal bar details the groups involved in the analysis and p value is specified. Student’s t test was followed for further comparison of groups that differ in one single condition in order to analyse the effect of diet (*) and of leucine treatment (#), and the p values found statistical significant are indicated in the text. Threshold of significance was set at p < 0.05 for all analysis. AdipoQ adiponectin, ATGL adipose triglyceride lipase, CD36 cluster of differentiation 36, CPT1 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b muscle isoform, FASN fatty acid synthase, GLUT4 facilitated glucose transporter 4, LEP leptin, LPL lipoprotein lipase, PPARγ2 peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2, RETN resistin, SCD2 stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase 2, SREBP1c sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c, UCP2 uncoupling protein 2, XBP1 X-box binding protein 1